Leer — Pali Grammar by Anandajoti Bhikkhu

A Practical Guide to Pali Grammar Anandajoti Bhikkhu A Practical Guide to Pali Grammar by Anandajoti Bhikkhu (Ver. 2, September 2014) Preface Verbs Summary of Verb Meanings Conjugations Indeclineables Participles Special Verb Formations Nouns Paradigms Examples Preface The guide that is presented here is based on tables and notes I typed up when I was first learning Pali, which have rather surprisingly lasted in my work until today. The emphasis here is on being practical, so rather than overwhelming the student with forms he will rarely come across, it is more important that he master the most common forms and meanings, and use reference works to find and understand things that are outside the scope of this work. The tables and notes present the subject from various points of view, looking at how the forms are made, what is their meaning, and then giving examples so it can be seen how they are used in the texts themselves. For more comprehensive reference tables please see Ven Nanatusita’s tables at the following address: http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nyanatusita/ And for nouns, together with illustrations, see: http://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/Texts-and- Translations/Navapadamanjari/index.htm I would be grateful to anyone using this work if they could give feedback so that it can be made more useful for the student in the future. Anandajoti Bhikkhu August 2014 A Practical Guide to Pali Grammar, Verbs - 2 3 Verbs In Pali there are 7 conjugations which have different signs, viz: 1 = a 2 = rii-a 3 = va 4 = no 5 = na 6 = o 7 = aya, e and there are 8 modes: Present Indicative, Imperative, Aorist, Future, Optative, Conditional, Imperfect, Perfect and two voices: Active (attanopada) Middle (parassapada) the 2nd however is used as active, and only the form is different. Summary of Verb Meanings Present Indicative karoti he does, he is doing, he was doing Passive karlyati it is done Causative kareti he had it done, he causes to do Imperative karotu do, please do, must do Aorist (active) akasi he did Aorist (passive) *kariyi, *karlyi it was done Future (active) karissati he will do Future (passive) kariyassati it will be done Optative kareyya he may/could/should/might do Conditional *akarissa if it were done Absolutive katva, karitva having done, after doing, done Infinitive katum to do Past Participle kata done Past Participle Active *kartavin having done, who has done Present Participle karonta, kariyamana doing Future Passive Participle katabba, karanlya, kicca what should/must/could be done A Practical Guide to Pali Grammar, Verbs - 4 Conjugations Present Indicative (vattamana) he does, he is doing, he was doing (near past, near future) 3rd sing. 3rd plural 2nd sing. 2nd plural 1st sing. 1st plural Active: karoti gacchati muncati karonti gacchanti muncanti karosi gacchasi muncasi karotha gacchatha muncatha karomi gacchami muncami karoma gacchama muncama Middle: kurute gacchate kurunte gacchante kuruse gacchase kuruvhe gacchavhe kubbe gacche gacchamhe kurumhe transitive verbs (sakammaka) require an object e.g. sudo bhattam (object) pacati the chef cooks rice intransitive verbs (akammaka) are complete without object e.g. puriso gacchati (no object required) the person goes the active voice is used when the effect is on another the passive voice is used when the effect is on oneself Passive (kammakaraka) to be done (formed by adding -ya, -yya, -iya, -Tya, -iyya to root or stem) 3rd sing. 3rd plural 2nd sing. 2nd plural 1st sing. 1st plural Vkar Vmuc karlyati muccati karlyanti muccanti karlyasi muccasi karlyatha muccatha karlyami muccami karlyama muccama the 3rd conjugation and the passive often look alike as they both take the suffix ya the passive has the agent in the instrumental case Causative Forms (karitakaraka) make do, have done, cause to be done (formed by strengthening root vowel and/or adding causal suffix, -pe, -ape, -paya, -apaya) 3rd sing. 3rd plural 2nd sing. 2nd plural 1st sing. 1st plural Active: kareti karenti karesi karetha karemi karema deseti desenti desesi desetha desemi desema muncapeti muncapenti muncapesi muncapetha m uncape mi muncapema Middle: desayate desayante desayase desayavhe deseye desayamhe the 7th conjugation and the passive often look alike as they both can take the suffix e in the causative the agent is in the nominative the person through whom the action is done is accusative or instrumental A Practical Guide to Pali Grammar, Verbs - 5 Imperative (pancami) do, please do, should do 3rd sing. 3rd plural 2nd sing. 2nd plural 1st sing. 1st plural Active: karotu gacchatu desetu karontu gacchantu desentu karohi gaccha gacchahi desehi karotha gacchatha desetha karomi gacchami desemi karoma gacchama desema Middle: kurutam gacchatam desetam karontam gacchantam desayantam karassu gacchassu desayassu karuvho gacchavho desayavhe kare gacche desaye kuromase gacchamase desayamhe Aorist (ajjatam) he did, he has done, all past actions 3rd sing. 3rd plural 2nd sing. 2nd plural 1st sing. 1st plural Vkar (a)kari (a)karimsu (a)kari (a)karittha (a)karim ~ akasi akamsu akasum akasi akattha akasim akamha Vgam gacchi ganchum gacchi gacchittha gacchim gacchimha agami agamisum agami agamittha agamim agamimsu Vdis desesi desesum desesi desittha desesim desimha Vvac avoca avocum avoca avocuttha avocum avocumha avaca avacum avaca avacuttha avacum avacumha aorists sometimes show the augment a- before the root Future (bhavissanti) he will do, he can do, he must do 3rd sing. 3rd plural 2nd sing. 2nd plural 1st sing. 1st plural Active: karissati gamissati lacchati dakkhati karissanti gamissanti lacchanti dakkhanti karissasi gamissasi lacchasi dakkhasi karissatha gamissatha lacchatha dakkhatha karissami gamissami lacchami dakkhami karissama gamissama lacchama dakkhama Middle: gamissate gamissante gamissase gamissavhe gamissam gamissamhe Optative (sattami) he may do, he could do, he would do, he should do, he might do 3rd sing. 3rd plural 2nd sing. 2nd plural 1st sing. 1st plural Active: kare gacche gaccheyya gaccheyyati kareyyu gaccheyyu gaccheyyum kare gacche gaccheyya gaccheyyasi kareyyatha gaccheyyatha gacchetha kare gacche gaccheyyam gaccheyyami kareyyama gaccheyyama gacchema gacchemu Middle: gacchetha karetha gaccheram kareram gacchetho karetho gaccheyyavho kareyyavho gaccheyyam kareyyam gaccheyyamhe gacchemase kareyyamhe karemase A Practical Guide to Pali Grammar, Verbs - 6 Conditional (kalatipatti) if he went 3rd sing. 3rd plural 2nd sing. 2nd plural 1st sing. 1st plural Active: agamissa agamissamsu agamissa agamissi agamissatha agamissam agamissami agamissama Middle: agamissatha agamissimsu agamisse agamissavhe agamissam agamissamhase Perfect (parokkha) he has said few forms found in the Canon 3rd sing. 3rd plural 2nd sing. 2nd plural 1st sing. 1st plural Active: aha ahu ahamsu vidu vidum aha -ttha -a -mha Middle: -ttha -re -ttho -vho -i -mhe Imperfect (hiyattam) he did (not found in the Canon 3rd sing. 3rd plural 2nd sing. 2nd plural 1st sing. 1st plural Active: -a -u -0 -ttha -a, -am -mha Middle: -ttha -tthum -se -vham -im -mhase Some Irregular Verb Forms 3rd sing. 3rd plural 2nd sing. 2nd plural 1st sing. 1st plural V as (present) atthi santi asi attha asmi, amhi amha, amha V as (optative assa assu assa assatha assum assama siya siyamsu, siya siyam siyam siya Vhfl (aorist) ahosi ahesum ahosi ahuvattha ahosim ahuma Vhfl (root aorist) ahu ahum ahu — ahum ahum ahud ahu ahu Vvac (aorist) avoca avocum avoca avocuttha avocam avocumha/a avacuttha Vdis (aorist) addasa addasansu addasa addasatha addasam addasama Vgam (aorist) agamasi agamamsu agama agamittha agamasimah agamamha Vgam (root aga agu aga aguttha agam agamha aorist) aga agu aga Vsu (aorist) assosi assosum assosi assutha assosim assumha Vlabh (aorist) alattha alatthum alattha — alattham alatthamha/a A Practical Guide to Pali Grammar, Verbs - 7 Indeclineables Absolutive (Gerund) (pubbakiriya, tvadiyantapada) having done, after doing, action precedes main verb indeclinable past participle stem + tva, itvd or ya (assimilated) the verbs are infinite and are always subservient to the main finite verb in the sentence examples: ...utthay asana Bhagavantam abhivadetva, pakkami. ...having risen from the seat and worshipped the Gracious One, he left. ...yana paccorohitvd pattiko va aramara pavisi. ...after descending from the vehicle he entered the park by foot. Seyyatha pi nama puranam bandhanam chinditvd annam navam bandhanam kareyya It is as though having cut off an old bond he would make a new bond anuvicca vinnu garahanti wise people investigate and blame (him) sa kho panassa bhaginl samam ditthd va hoti anussavassuta va she has seen that sister herself or heard Infinitive (tumanta, indeclinable) formed strong root or present stem + turn, iturh, tave e.g. to make, to do examples: katham me ajja kdtavel how to make it for me today? Buddhanarh Sasanam manasi kdtum to give (lit: to make ) thought to the Buddha’s Dispensation icchamaham, Tata, janapadarh ganturh I desire, Dear to go to the country panhe pucchitum abhikankhamano longing to ask a question bhikkham icchami ddtave I desire to give alms-food A Practical Guide to Pali Grammar, Verbs - 8 Participles Past Participle (missakiriya) remembered, conquered, heard formed from root with suffix -ta or -ita or -na Examples: root suffix form formed with -ta Vsar (remembers) + -ta sata, patissata Vji (conquers) tt jita, parajita Vsu (hears) tt suta Vbhu (is) M bhuta Vsudh (purifies) It suddha Vlabh (receives) II laddha Vdis (sees) II dittha Vkam (moves) II kanta with some the end nasal drops Vgam (goes) + -ta gata Vnam (bends) it nata Vhan (kills) it hata formed with -ita Vvid (knows) + -ita vidita Vgah (takes) it gahita Vmud (rejoices) it mudita Vyaca (requests) it yacita Vnanda (rejoices) it nandita formed with -na Vchad (covers) + -na channa Vchid (cuts) it chinna Vtar (crosses) it tinna Vpur (fills) it punna decline like nouns, but all can be used like adjectives e.g. bhasitam = what was said, also means a speech, a saying A Practical Guide to Pali Grammar, Verbs - 9 Past Participle Active having eaten, being one who has eaten root + tavuii or tavant(u), declined like adjectives (very few verbs use this form) examples: gahapatissa bhuttavissa the householder who has eaten sutava ariyasavako the noble disciple who is learned bhikkhu ... vusitavanto katakaranlya monastics ... who have lived correctly, having done what has to be done Future Passive Participle (gerundive) (kicca) what should/must/could be done used like adjectives qualifying nouns which they agree with root + tabba or aniya or ya (assimilated) examples: bhikkhuna kammam katabbam hoti this is the deed that should be done by the monk vusitam brahmacariyam, kataiii karanlyam... accomplished is the spiritual life, done is what ought to be done akiccam karonto kiccarii aparadhento doing what should not be done and failing to do what should be done niralayena pindaya gantabbam he should go on almsround free from attachment A Practical Guide to Pali Grammar, Verbs - 10 Present Participle (missakiriya) present stem + nta or mana, declined like adjectives Masculine nt/nta forms mana forms Nominative: gaccham gacchanto gacchanta gacchante gacchamano gacchamana Accusative: gacchantam gacchante gacchamanam gacchamane Instrumental: gacchata gacchatena gacchantehi gacchantebhi gacchamanena gacchamanehi Dative: gacchato gacchatam gacchantanam gacchamanaya gacchamanassa gacchamanam Ablative: gacchata gacchatamha gacchantehi gacchantebhi gacchamana gacchamanamha gacchamanasma gacchamanto gacchamanehi Genitive: gacchato gacchatam gacchantanam gacchamanaya gacchamanassa gacchamanam Locative: gacchati gacchante gacchantamhi gacchantasmim gacchantesu gacchamane gacchamanasmim gacchamanesu Feminine 1 forms a forms Nominative: gacchantl gacchantl gacchantiyo gacchamana gacchamana gacchamanayo Accusative: gacchantirh gacchantl gacchantiyo gacchamanam gacchamana gacchamanayo Instrumental: gacchatiya gacchantlhi gacchantlbhi gacchamanaya gacchamanahi gacchamanabhi Dative: gacchatiya gacchantlnam gacchamanaya gacchamanam Ablative: gacchatiya gacchantlhi gacchantlbhi gacchamanaya gacchamanehi gacchamanabhi gacchamanohi gacchamanobhi Genitive: gacchatiya gacchantlnam gacchamanaya gacchamanam Locative: gacchatiya gacchatiyam gacchantlsu gacchamanaya gacchamanayam gacchamanasu A Practical Guide to Pali Grammar, Verbs - 11 Neuter nt/nta forms mana forms Nominative: gaccham gacchanta gacchantani gacchamanam gacchamanani Accusative: gacchantam gacchante gacchantani gacchamanam gacchamanani rest as masculine Special Verb Formations Intensive does something repeatedly (root redoubled + normal endings) e.g. walks up and down examples: pasadapacchayayam abbhokase cankamati daddallamanam siriya anomavannam tesam lalappitam sutva Desiderative (tumicchattha) (root redoubled + sa + normal endings) e.g. desires to hear examples: dhamme desiyamane sussusati na ca tena pathavl attlyati va harayati va jigucchati va sikkhaya kankhati vicikicchati yo have balava santo, dubbalassa titikkhati athaparam parivlmarhsamano parivlmamsati Denominative (dhaturupakasadda) noun used as root, and formed according to 7th conjugation e.g. smokes examples: Kathan-ca, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhupayati? Kim kllamanam saddayati Dhammarh suddham piyayati 12 Nouns Nouns are normally declined on the stem form of the word, with the endings changing to match their role or function in the sentence. There are three basic sets of declension in Pali: the masculine (including, with small variations, the neuter), the feminine and the pronominal. The masculine is the most common, but as it will also take some pronominal endings they are often found, and become more common in the later language. There is also a tendency for all words to follow the masculine declension in the later language, so that neuters and occasionally feminines are found declined with masculine endings. The masculine nominative is more irregular than the oblique forms, and needs to be learned; but most variations in the oblique cases can be inferred: if the stem ends not in -a but -i, or -u then replace the endings below like this -a with -i, -u\ -d and -e with -F, -it to make the declension. There are a number of masculine forms which do not follow these paradigms, and those need to be learned separately; these include masculine forms ending in -vanta, like Bhagavanta), and -an (i attan ) which behave unexpectedly in the stem; and Sattha, which has somewhat different endings. Below I give the abstract paradigms of the most frequent forms, followed by illustrative examples. Again these are not complete, but must be supplemented by more detailed works, like Navapadamanjarl (from which most of this section is drawn). A Practical Guide to Pali Grammar, Prosody - 13 Paradigms Masculine Case Singular Plural Nominative stem + o stem + a Vocative stem + a, a stem + a Accusative stem + aril stem + e Instrumental stem + ena stem + ehi, ebhi Dative stem + aya, assa stem + anarii Ablative stem + a, ato stem + asma, amha (pron.) stem + ehi, ebhi Genitive stem + assa stem + anarri Locative stem + e stem + asmirii, amhi (pron.) stem + esu Masculine Forms of the Pronoun Case Singular Plural Nominative stem + o stem + e Accusative stem + aril stem + e Instrumental stem + ena stem + ehi, ebhi Dative stem + assa stem + esarri, esanairi Ablative stem + asma, amha stem + ehi, ebhi Genitive stem + assa stem + esarri, esanairi Locative stem + asmirri, amhi stem + esu Neuter only differs in the Nominative, Vocative and Accusative forms Case Singular Plural Nominative stem + arri stem + a, ani Vocative stem + a, a stem + a, ani Accusative stem + arri stem + a, ani rest as masculine A Practical Guide to Pali Grammar, Prosody - 14 As with the masculine, the feminine nominative is more irregular than the oblique forms, and needs to be learned; the variations in the oblique cases can be inferred: if the stem ends not in -a but -i, -T, or -u, -ft then replace the endings below like this -a with -i, -u\ -a and -e with -F, -ft to make the declension. Feminine Case Singular Plural Nominative stem + a stem + a, ayo Vocative stem + e, i stem + a, ayo Accusative stem + aril stem + a, ayo Instrumental stem + aya stem + ahi, abhi Dative stem + aya stem + anam Ablative stem + aya stem + ehi, ebhi Genitive stem + aya stem + anam Locative stem + aya, ayam stem + asu Feminine Forms of the Pronoun Case Singular Plural Nominative sa stem + a, ayo Accusative stem + am stem + a, ayo Instrumental stem + aya stem + ahi, abhi Dative stem + aya, assa, issa, issaya stem + asam, asanam Ablative stem + aya stem + ahi, abhi Genitive stem + aya, assa, issa, issaya stem + esam, esanam Locative stem + ayam, assam, asam, issarii stem + asu A Practical Guide to Pali Grammar, Prosody - 15 Examples Masculine, Buddha Case Singular Plural Nominative Buddho Buddha Vocative Buddha, Buddha Buddha Accusative Buddham Buddhe Instrumental Buddhena, Buddha Buddhehi, Buddhebhi Dative Buddhassa, Buddhaya Buddhanam Ablative Buddha, Buddhato, Buddhasma, Buddhamha Buddhehi, Buddhebhi Genitive Buddhassa Buddhanam Locative Buddhe, Buddhasmim, Buddhamhi Buddhesu Masculine, Bhagava Case Singular Plural Nominative Bhagava Bhagavanto, Bhagavanta Vocative Bhagava, Bhagavam Bhagavanto, Bhagavanta Accusative Bhagavantarh Bhagavante Instrumental Bhagavata, Bhagavatena Bhagavantehi, Bhagavantebhi Dative Bhagavato, Bhagavatassa Bhagavantanam Ablative Bhagavata, Bhagavatena, Bhagavasma, Bhagavatamha Bhagavantehi, Bhagavantebhi Genitive Bhagavato, Bhagavatassa Bhagavantehi, Bhagavantebhi Locative Bhagavati, Bhagavante, Bhagavatasmim, Bhagavatamhi Bhagavantesu Masculine, Sattha Case Singular Plural Nominative Sattha Sattharo Vocative Sattha, Sattha Sattharo Accusative Sattharam Sattharo, Satthare Instrumental Satthara, Satthara, Satthuna Sattharehi, Sattharebhi Dative Satthu, Satthuno, Satthussa Satthanam, Sattharanam Ablative Satthara Sattharehi, Sattharebhi Genitive Satthu, Satthuno, Satthussa Satthanam, Sattharanam Locative Satthi Sattharesu, Sattharesu, Satthusu, Satthusu A Practical Guide to Pali Grammar, Prosody - 16 Masculine, muni Case Singular Plural Nominative muni munayo, muni, munino Vocative muni munayo, muni Accusative munim munayo, muni Instrumental munina munlhi, munlbhi Dative munino, munissa munlnam Ablative munina, munito, munisma, munimha munlhi, munlbhi Genitive munino, munissa munlnam Locative munismim, munimhi munlsu Masculine, bhikkhu Case Singular Plural Nominative bhikkhu bhikkhu, bhikkhavo Vocative bhikkhu bhikkhu, bhikkhavo, bhikkhave Accusative bhikkhum bhikkhu, bhikkhavo Instrumental bhikkhuna bhikkhuhi, bhikkhubhi Dative bhikkhuno, bhikkhussa bhikkhunarh Ablative bhikkhuna, bhikkhuto, bhikkhusma, bhikkhumha bhikkhuhi, bhikkhubhi Genitive bhikkhuno, bhikkhussa bhikkhunam Locative bhikkhusmim, bhikkhumhi bhikkhusu Masculine, atta(n) Case Singular Plural Nominative atta attano Vocative atta, atta attano Accusative attam, attanam attano Instrumental attana, attena attehi, attebhi Dative attano, attassa attanam Ablative atta, attato attehi, attebhi Genitive attano, attassa attanam Locative attani attesu A Practical Guide to Pali Grammar, Prosody - 17 Feminine, kanna Case Singular Plural Nominative kanna kanna, kannayo Vocative kanne, kanni kanna, kannayo Accusative kannam kanna, kannayo Instrumental kannaya kannahi, kannabhi Dative kannaya kannanam Ablative kannaya kannehi, kannebhi, kannohi, kannobhi Genitive kannaya kannanam Locative kannaya, kannayam kannasu Feminine, ratti Case Singular Plural Nominative ratti ratti, rattiyo Vocative ratti ratti, rattiyo Accusative rattim ratti, rattiyo Instrumental rattiya rattlhi, rattlbhi Dative rattiya rattlnam Ablative rattiya rattlhi, rattlbhi Genitive rattiya rattlnam Locative rattiya, rattiyam rattlsu Neuter, citta Case Singular Plural Nominative cittam citta, cittani Vocative citta, citta citta, cittani Accusative cittam citte, cittani rest as masculine A Practical Guide to Pali Grammar, Prosody - 18 Masculine Forms of the Pronoun Case Singular Plural Nominative so (yo, ko, sabbo) te (ye, ke, sabbe) Accusative tam te Instrumental tena tehi, tebhi Dative tassa tesam, tesanam Ablative tasma, tamha tehi, tebhi Genitive tassa tesam, tesanam Locative tasmim, tamhi tesu Feminine Forms of the Pronoun, ta Case Singular Plural Nominative sa (ya, ka, sabba, etc.) ta tayo (ya, ka, sabba) (yayo, kayo, sabbayo, etc.) Accusative tam ta tayo Instrumental taya tahi, tabhi Dative taya, tassa, tissa, tissaya tasam, tasanam Ablative taya tahi, tabhi Genitive taya, tassa, tissa, tissaya tesam, tesanam Locative tayam, tassam, tasam, tissam tasu Neuter Forms of the Pronoun, tam Case Singular Plural Nominative tam (yam, kam, sabbam, etc.) te, tani (ye, ke, sabbe) (yani, kani, sabbani, etc.) Accusative tam te, tani rest as masculine A Practical Guide to Pali Grammar, Prosody - 19 Masculine Forms of the (Demonstrative) Pronoun, a, ima Case Singular Plural Nominative ayarh ime Accusative imarh ime Instrumental imina, anena ehi, ebhi, imehi, imebhi Dative imesam esam, esanam, imesam. imesanam Ablative imasma, asma, imamha ehi, ebhi, imehi, imebhi Genitive imassa, assa imesam, imesanam Locative asmim, imasmim, imamhi esu, imesu Genderless Pronouns, amha Case Singular Plural Nominative aham mayam, amhe Accusative mam mamam amhe, asme, amhakam, asmakam Instrumental maya amhehi, ambhehi Dative mama, mayham, mamam, amham amhakam, asmakam, amham Ablative maya amhehi, ambhehi Genitive mama, mayham, mamam, amham amhakam, asmakam, amham Locative mayi amhesu Forms of the Pronoun, eka (plural) Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative eke eka, ekayo ekani Accusative eke eka, ekayo ekani Instrumental ekehi, ekebhi ekahi, ekabhi ekehi, ekebhi Dative ekesam, ekasanam ekasam, ekasanam ekesam, ekasanam Ablative ekehi, ekebhi ekahi, ekabhi ekehi, ekebhi Genitive ekesam, ekasanam ekasam, ekasanam ekesam, ekasanam Locative ekesu ekasu ekesu A Practical Guide to Pali Grammar, Prosody - 20 Forms of the Pronoun, eka (singular) Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative eko eka ekam Accusative ekam ekam ekam Instrumental ekena ekaya ekena Dative ekassa ekaya, ekassa ekassa Ablative ekasma, ekamha ekaya ekasma, ekamha Genitive ekassa ekaya, ekassa ekassa Locative ekasmim, ekamhi ekayam, ekassam ekasmim, ekamhi Forms of the Pronoun, dvi (plural) Case 3 genders Nominative dve, duve Accusative dve, duve Instrumental dvihi, dvibhi Dative dvinnam, duvinnam Ablative dvihi, dvibhi Genitive dvinnam, duvinnam Locative dvlsu Forms of the Pronoun, ti (plural) Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative tayo tisso tlni Accusative tayo tisso tlni Instrumental tihi, tlbhi tihi tlbhi tihi tlbhi Dative tinnam, tinnanam tissannam tinnam tinnanam Ablative tihi, tlbhi tihi tlbhi tihi tlbhi Genitive tinnam, tinnanam tissannam tinnam tinnanam Locative tlsu tlsu tlsu A Practical Guide to Pali Grammar, Prosody - 21 Forms of the Pronoun, catu (plural) Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative cattaro, caturo cattasso cattari Accusative cattaro, caturo cattasso cattari Instrumental catuhi, catubhi catuhi, catubhi catuhi catubhi Dative catunnam catassannam catunnam Ablative catuhi, catubhi catuhi, catubhi catuhi catubhi Genitive catunnam catassannam catunnam Locative catusu catusu catusu Forms of the Pronoun, pahca - dasa Case all three genders Nominative panca Accusative panca Instrumental pancahi Dative pancannam Ablative pancahi Genitive pancannam Locative pancasu