← Volver a la ficha del textoGOVERNMENT OF INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY
CENTRAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL
LIBRARY
Class ■ L ~ 1
Call No. 4% 375 &Cfl
D.G.A. 79.
JAMES GRAY, -
Pam Lbctdijkr, Ranimok Coi.i.huk, V
First Bkiani'Kt Mkpam.ist, Mkmber <*k tuk Ror.\i
Asiatic Sintktv,
Author of The Niti Literature of tsunnu, Jin filin’) lea r,i.
^ Translation of the Dluimmupadu , etc.
43J^I53^
*
<> *
L l Li
(•A fiCUTTA :
ELEMENTARY PALI GRAMMAR
4 Hi *
• • p
SECOND PALI C'b CURSE
PKCXTKh AT TICK ISAITIST JIISSMN Pl.'KSS,
1912 .
[All right * »f trn until I ion uml reproduction reserved.']
\ SK»
PREFACE.
*
The “ Fii’st Pali Course " was intended to give pupils a taste
for the study of Pali and was limited to a few simply* gram-
matical forms and principles. The “Second Pali Course"' is
more ambitious in aim. The Grammar in if is so treated as
to enable learners, without the necessity of entering too much
into details, to read easy selections from Pfili literature. Accord ’
ingly the “ first Pali Delectus,” consisting of interesting stores,
and narratives in prose and simple poetry, has been prepared
fo'jj. company it. To ensure thoroughness in study, the Coursk
and Dklkcti'S may soitc as a two years’ curriculum for schools.
The “ Third Pali Course,” with a Dklkctus, will be the next,
in the series of handlieoks for the graduated study of Pali.
,J. Ci.
'-J
i
!
•
TABLE OP CONTENTS.
•
Part I.
•
P-tge
Section
I.
•The Alphabet ...
• ••
l
►
II.
Mase. A Declension
• • •
• ••
3
f
"
!•
III.
Pem A „
• ••
«
IV.
Neut. A
...
• • •
it
V.
Personal Pronouns
HI
91
VI.
The Verb Paca
It?
• 1
VII.
Connectives
• ••
...
lit
VIII.
Verbs in ya or Ul?a
• ••
• ••
2-1
*•
‘IX.
Miscellaneous Verbs ...
• • •
• • •
2H ‘
X.
Prepositional and locative forms
3S
• %•
XI.
Masc. I and t Declensions
40
•9
XII.
Pom. I and I „
■ a*
42
XIII.
Maso U Declension
• ••
U
it
XIV.
Pom. U
...* W»
If
XV.
Nenfc. I and U Declensions
•W
XVI.
Adjectives and Participlos
...
45-
XVII
The Dative and Locative Absolute
Sit
j %
XV III.
Numerals
...
CO
XIX.
The Pronouns Ya, Ka, ami Ayara
M
fl
XX.
The Narrative Sign Ti
611
»
Part II.
XXI.
Verbal Bases in E
...
71 \
I*
XXII.
Causativo Verbs
7*5
..
XXIII.
The root As, “to bo" ...
78
XXIV.
Indeclinable Words
-so
„
XXV.
Prefixes
•• •
«*
XXVI.
Sullixcs
Ml
85
||
XXVII.
Sandhi
• • •
87
XXVIII.
Particles and Expletives ...
!ii
. ..
XXIX.
Compound Words
• • •
OB
Addenda.
Some Useful Phrases ...
...
IN?
Noto on the I’nsaive Voice
• ••
Wfi
Explanation of a Short Text
07
Prosody
...
...
103
VoCAHOr.ART.
Pll (-English
...
...
106
English-
Pali
• ••
...
114
\
•
1
CORRECTIONS.
Png* 14, Inst lino, kmji ply ' whether ’ aftor ‘ telf.’
,, 1U, lino 10 , read 1 consent#’ for ‘consented.’ *
23,
II
20, rend 1 paldcnraissimi ' for ‘ palclcistumi.’
«
156.
»l
3, rend ‘ tv5 ' for ' tnih ' ami ' jitr.i ' for ‘ jitum ’
26,
»»
11 , read ‘dute’ for * duto.’
4!»,
„
26, read ' nini ’ for ' u5na.’
«7,
>»
1 , read 1 pipini ’ for * papani.’
83,
26, read 1 imlyam ' for ‘iraayam.’
<*,
H
29, read ' imam ’ for ‘ imam.'
**
7-*,
7, read ‘ piceti ’ for ‘ paceti.’
13, read ‘ piicessati ’ for ‘ pacegsati.'
II
7, read ' tayo ’ for * tayi..’
SECOND PALI COURSE.
PART I.
SECTION I.
Toe Ali-jiahet.
1. The Pftli alphabet consist# of 41 letters. Of thoso 8 are
rowels and 33 consonants.
«
' (A) VOWBI.8.
Those are : —
a
as
a
in art.
&
*• '
a
in father.
1
II
i
in tin.
I
II
ee
in seen.
u
II
u
in full.
ft
II
00
in soon.
e
II
°y
in may.
o
II
0
in bone.
The vowel sounds as given above are permanent in character
and do not vary when combined with consonants. Three of
the vowels are short, viz. a, i, and u; the remaining five are
long.
SBCONU HAM COURSE.
(B) Consonants.
2. The 33 consonants are : —
! The 25 Five-division Letters.
KIND.
•g *S g. -
a 5 2
MB 05
k : kh g
ch j
bh I m
Lip-letter it
and also h and ril.
In naming the above letters put the vowel a after each ; as
kh, kba, ga, gha, ha, and so on. Remember that c is pro-
nounced like cha in the word charcoal ; ch will therefore be its
aspirated form ; j is like j in jar ; n like nea in near. The
character m represents a sound from the nose in continuation
' of the sound of the vowel preceding it. Its sound is like that
of ng in bring with the g suppressed when just on the point of
being uttered.
SECTION II.
3
SECTION II.
Masc. A Declension.
# Declension of Buddha.
Singular.
Nom.
Buddho
... Buddlxa.
Gen.
Buddhasju
... Buddha’s, of Buddha.
Dat.
i Buddhassa
y ... to or for Buddha.
1 Buddhflj/a
J
Aoc.
Buddham
... Buddha.
Ins.
Buddhena
... by or through Buddha.
Am.
f Buddha
> ... from Buddha.
i Buddhasmo
J
Loc.
f Buddh«
y ... in or on Buddha.
l Buddhasmm
J
Voc.
Buddha
... 0 Buddha!
N.B. — SmS of the ablative may be replaced by to ; as, Bud-
dhato, “from Buddha." To may be used as an ablative sign**
with nouns in general. Sma also = vihfi and smxm=mhi.
Plural.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Ins.
Abl.
Loc.
Voc.
Buddha
j Buddhtfnam
Buddhe
| Buddhc/a
Buddhwn
BuddhS
... Buddhas.
/ Buddhas’ ; of, to, or for
‘"I. Buddhas.
... Buddhas. •
{ by, through, or from Bud-
dhas.
... in or on Buddhas.
... 0 Buddhas !
Note . — The case terminations are shewn by means of itali-
cized letters. To the base Buddha the termination o being
added, the short final vowel a is thrown out. Hence Buddha
+ o = Buddho in the nominative case ; Buddha + ena =
Buddhena. In the ablative singular and in the^ nominative
4
SECOND PALI COURSE.
and vocative plural the vowel of the base may be merely
considered as lengthened. The vocative singular is the base
form itself. Note that before the termination* i^am, hi, and su
in the plural, the vowel preceding is always a long vowel. Bhi
instead of hi in tho plural is sometimes met with, particu-
larly in poetry ; as buddhobhi. Proj»er nouns are pluralized
when used as common; as Panthaka (pi. of Panthako) —
“ persons having the name Panthaka."
VocanuLAiiv I.
[Maso. Nouns like Buddha given in the Norn. Case.]
Amaoco— “ minister," " noble-
man.”
Attho-" matter," “ need."
Avilto— " pit.”
Bftliaiko — " fisherman.”
Bilfiro— " cat."
Bhattakftro— “ cook."
«brfthmai>o— ” Brahmin."
Cando — “ moon."
Divaao— " day.”
Doso— "hatred"; -‘fault."
Dtlto — “ messenger,” " emis-
sary."
Gorio — " bullock."
Oopakb — “ keeper."
Gopfilo — “ cowherd."
Kuddalo — “ spade."
Kotthflso — “ share.”
Kodho — " anger."
Luddo — “ hunter.”
Mancako— “ bed,” "cot.”
Mano — " mind."
M&no — “ pride. ” [“ sailor."
Navik o — “ boatman,”
Ovfido— " exhortatiou."
Paccfcmitto— " enemy."
Padoao— " place."
Pafiho— " question."
Papdito — “ a learnod man,”
" Pandit," " M<K)nsheo."
P.inpakfiro— " gift," "pre-
sent"
Pfiafipo — "rock.”
Piitaraso — " breakfast."
Purohito — •* private c h a p -
lain."
Baeo— “ juice.”
Rathd-t**chariot.”
Bamo — “a man’s name.”
Samattho— " ability."
Saddo— “ sound."
Samayo— "time."
Samuggo— " casket," « box.”
Saro— "lake.”
Sayamfiso— " dinner,”
Sigfilo-" jackal."
Suriyo — “ sun." [cooked ”).
Tandulo— "rice (before being
SECTION II.
5
Tundako — ■“ beak.”
j Vejjo— 44 doctor.”
Vaso— '
4 residence.”
1 Upiiyo — 44 plan," “ meaus
Special Noons.
[Masculine Nouns with A in the Nom. Sing.]
4.
(a) Rftjft— 44 king."
This word has a special declension as follows : —
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.
rftjft
... rftjft, rftjftno.
Grn.
Dat.-
|rafino
... ranfiam, rftjttnam.
Aco.
%
^rftjfinam
... rftjft, rftjftno.
Ins.
Adl.
jrannft
... rftjahi.
Loo.
runfio
... rftjQeu.
Voc.
rftja
... rftjft, rftjftno.
(5) Compounds of Rftjft.
MahftrSjS— " emperor.''
Uparftjft — 44 viceroy.”
DovarSjS — “ king of the
Slhariijft — 44 lion king ” ;
gods.”
!
44 king of lions.”
N.B .— Those compounds as well as others similarly formed are
declined like Rajiv abovo or, excepting tho nominative, like
Buddha. Thus, nom. sing, mahftrajft, gen. mahftrftjassa,
in*. mahftrfi jena ; nom. jtl. mahfirftjft, gon. mahftrftjfinam,
ins. mahfirftjehi, and so on.
Maw. Basks r.v U with A in the Nominative.
5. " (c) Pits— "father.”
[Base pitu.]
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.
pita
pitaro.
Gen.
f pituesa, pitu, ...
pitunnam.
Dat.
\pituno J ...
pitaranam
6
SECOND P*LI CODBSE.
Acc.
Ins.
Am,.
pitaram ...
| pitarS
TiOC. pitari
Voc. pita
... pitaro.
(pitGhi.
I pitarehi,.
( pitOsu.
( pitaresu.
... pitaro.
N.B . — “ Teacher ” (applied to Buddha) and other words are
similarly declined except that before ram and rfi very often
and before vo of the plural, but always after a double conso-
nant, the vowel a is long; as, sattharam, sattharfi, sat-
tharo.
EXAMPLES FOR DECLENSION.
Vocabulary II.
(1) Bhata— “ brother.”
(2) Bhatta— “ husband.”
(3) Natta— “ grandson."
(4) Saltha — “ Teacher.”
M
SECTION III.
The Feminine A Declension.
6. Darika— “girl.”
Singular,
Nom.
darika
... girl.
Gen-.
Dat.
| darikaya...
. . . girl’ 8 ; of, to, or for a girl.
Acc.
darikam ...
... girl.
Ins.
Abl.
| darikaya...
... by or from a girl.
Loc.
darik&yam
... in or on a girl.
Voc.
darika, d&rike
... 0 girl !
N.B .— The he. is also darikaya, but the form given above may
be used in preference for the sake of distinction. A respect-
ful form of the Voo. is d&rike.
SECTION III.
7
Plural.
Nom.
d^rikii, dfirikayo ...
girls.
Gen.
DAT.
| dSrikanam
girls’ ; of, to, or for girls.
Acc.
darika, darikayo ...
girls.
Iks.
Abi,.
j dfirikahi
by or from girls.
IjOC.
darikasu
in or on girls.
Voc.
darikS, darikayo ...
0 girls !
VoCAByLARY III.
[Feminines in A like darika.]
Apa — “ order.”
Baha— “ arm."
Balata — “ folly.”
Bhandika — “ bundle."
Bhikkha — “ food got as alms.”
Citaka— “ a funeral pile.”
Disa — “ cardinal point.”
GIv&— “ neck.”
Gatha— “ stanza."
Ghanta — “ bell.”
Iccha— “wish.”
Jala— “ flame."
Klla — “ play,” “ sport."
LllhS— “ grace.”
NasS— “ nose.”
Ninda— “ blame."
Parisa — “ retinue,” “com-
pany.”
PasamaS — “ praise.” \
So£d& — “trunk (of an ele-
phant).”
Safina— “ sign,” “ perception.”
Takkasila— “ the ancient
town Tnxila iu the Punjab.”
TSraka— “ star.”
V anijjii — “ trade." •
VaoS- “speech,” “word.”
Vejjasalii — “ dispensary.”
Vedana— “ pain.”
Vlija— “ lute."
N.B . — Many fominines are formed from masculine bases by
means of fi ; as assa, “ mare.” If the masculine ends in
lea , the feminine takes tka ; as, sahayika from sahayako
“ friend.”
SECOND PALI COCRS8.
8
7 .
Non.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Ins.
Abl.
Loc.
Voc.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
r ACC.
r Ins.
Abl.
Loc.
Voc.
Spbcial Fem. Declbssion.
Mata — “ mother.”
[Base mfitu.]
Singular.
mata
j m5tu, matuya
mother.
/mother’s ; of, to, or for a
mataram
v. -
... mother.
matarfi
... by or from a mother.
m atari
... m or on a mother.
mata
0 mother !
Plural.
mataro
... mothers.
mataranam
./mothers’; of, to, or for
\ mothers.
mataro
... mothers.
mStarehi
... by or from mothers.
mataresu
... in or on mothers.
mataro
... 0 mothers !
Exercise . — Decline dhita, “ daughter ” in the same way.
N.B .-- The base of mata is mfltu and of dhita dhitu. Hence
such forms as matQnam, mStQhi, mStQsu are met with in
the plural number. If the w of Qnam is shortened, the n fol-
lowing is doubled, and Qnam becomes unnam.
DECLENSION OF MATAPITABO.
Matapitaro— “ father and mother,” “ parents.”
Nom. matSpitaro.
. Gen. -i
Dat. j mSta PitQnam ; matapitunnam.
8 .
SECTION IV.
9
Acc.
Ins.
„Abl.
Loc.
Voc.
}
matapitaro.
m&tSpitUhi.
mStapitusu.
matapitaro.
N.B . — The base in composition with other words is matapitu ;
as matapituovado, “ the admonition of parents.”
SECTION IV.
9. Neuter A Declension.
Ghara — “ house.”
Singular.
Nom.
gharam
house.
Gen.
Dat.
| gharassa
of, to, or for a house.
Acc.
gharam.
house.
Ins.
gharena.
• ••
by a house.
Abl.
i ghara
( gharasma
!-
from a house.
Loc.
C ghar©
( gharasmim
!■••
in or on a house.
Voc.
ghara
0 house !
Plural.
•
Nom.
gharani
houses.
Gen.
Dat.
gharanam
of, to, or for houses.
Acc.
gharani
houses.
Ins.
Abl.
| gharehi
by or from houses.
Loc.
gharesu
in or on houses.
Voc.
gharani
• • •
0 houses !
10
SECOND PALI COURSE.
V OCABDLARY IV.
[Neuters of the A Declension in the Singular Nominative.]
Namam — “ n&tne"
Asanam— “ seat.”
Avudham — “ weapon.”
Bhaildam — “goods,” “pro-
perty.”
Cetiyam — “ pagoda,” “shrine."
Dhanam— “ wealth,” “ trea-
sure.”
Jalara — “ net.”
Janapadam — “ distinct."
Jivitam — “ life."
Hadayam — “ heart.”
Kuranam — “ cause," “matter,’
“ circumstance.”
Kfirunnam — “ pity.”
r Majjham — “ middle.”
r Maranara — “ death.”
Mukham — “ mouth,” “ face,”
“ entrance.”
Nivesanam — “ abode.”
Osadham — “ medicine.”
Panjaram — “ cage.”
Pasibbakam — “ bag."
Pitakam — “ tho Buddhist
Canon or Scriptures.”
Potthakam — “book,” “a
palm-leaf treatise.”
Rattb am — “kingdom,"
“ country.”
Sakatam — “cart,” “waggon."
Sasanam— “message,” “man-
date.”
Satakam — “ garment.”
Sayabhattam — “ dinner.”
Silam— “ precept."
Viriyam — “ exertion.”
SECTION V.
The Personal Pronouns.
10.'
(a) Aham — “ I.”
Singular.
Nom.
aham
... “I.”
Gen.
( me
Dat.
< mama
f ... mine ; to or for me.
( mayham
3
Acc.
mam
... me.
Ins.
r me
)
Abl.
( mayfi
> ... by or from me.
Loc.
mayi
... in or on me.
SUCTION V.
11
Plural.
Non.
m^yam
we.
Gen.
Gat.
| amhftkam
ours ; to or for us.
Acc.
amhe
ns.
Ins.
Abl.
| amhehi ...
...
by or from us.
Loc.
amhesu ...
...
in or on us.
Note. — All the cases of the plural may be replaced by the form
no.
•
11.
(6) Tvam — ‘*thou.”
Singular.
Now.
tvam
thou.
Gen.
Gat.
Acc.
) 40
> tava
J tuyham
turn
1 -
thin ; to or for tbee. *
*
thee.
Ins.
Abl.
Tx>c.
| t0
> taya
tayi
by or from thee,
in or on thee.
Plural,
•
Nom.
tumhe
you.
Gbn.
Dat.
| tumhakam
yours ; of, to, or for you.
Acc.
tumhe
...
you.
Ins.
Abl.
| tumhehi ...
by or from you.
‘Loc.
tumheeu ...
...
in you.
Note .— All the forms of the plural may be replaced by vo.
12
SECOND PAU COURSE.
12. (c) So— “he.”
Singular.
Nom.
so
... he. «*
Gen.
Dat.
f tassa
... his ; to or for him.
Acc.
tam
... him.
Ins.
Abl.
^ tena
... by or from him.
Loc.
tasmim ...
... in or on him.
Plural.
Nom.
te
. ... they.
Gen.
Dat.
! tosam
... theirs ; to or for them.
Acc.
to
... them.
Ins.
Abl.
tehi
... by or from them.
Loc.
tesu
... in or on them.
,13. ( d ) sa— “she.”
• Singular.
Now. sa ... ... she.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Ins.
Abe!
taya
tassa
tissa
tam
I taya
f taya
tayam
tissaya
tissayam
No “' tSyo
® EN ‘ tSsara
Dat.
| ... hers ; to or for her.
... her.
by or from her.
in or on her.
Plural.
}... they.
... theirs ; to or for them.
SECTION V.
1 *
Acc. [
ta
tayo
^■... tliem.
Ins. ^
Am,. )
talS
... by or from them.
Loc.
tasu
... in or on them.
14.
(e) Tam— “it.”
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.
tam
... ... tani.
Gkn. )
Dat. /
tassa
... ... tesam.
Acc.
tam
... ... t&ni.
Ins. »
Am,, j
tena
... ... tehi.
Loc.
tasmim
... tesu.
So, sa and tam as Demonstratives.
15. By putting so, sa, and tam and their cases
nouns they become demonstratives ; as,
r so puri 80 — “ that man.”
(a) Masc. -j
tassa purisassa — “ of that man.”
tena purisena — “ by that man.”
^ tesam
purisanam — “ of those men.”
etc. etc.
(6 ) Fem. ■{
(c) Nkdt.
f 8S darika — “ that girl.”
tassa darikaya — “ of that girl.”
tayam d&rik&yam — “ in that girl.”
ta darikayo — “ those girls.
etc. etc.
t tam gharam — “ that house.”
< tani gharani — “ those houses.”
C tosu gharesu— “ in those houses.”
etc.
etc.
14
S8C0NI. 1-AI.I COURSE.
Eso, esa, etam — “ this."
16. By putting e before the cases of so, sa, tam, we get the
demonstrative meaning this ; as,
eso puri8o— “ this man.”
esa darika — “ this girl.”
etam gharam — “ this house."
«tc. etc.
A Substitute ror Rbplexivk Pronouns.
17. There being no true reflexive pronouns in Pali such as
“myself,” “himself," etc., the noun atta is used to express
the idea of self.
Declension op atta, “ self” ; 41 own."
[ Base atta. ]
Singular.
Plural.
Nou.
atta
... attano.
Gen.
Dat.
| attano
... attanam.
Acc.
attSnam ...
... attano.
Ins.
Abl.
| attanft
... attanehi.
Loo.
attani
... attanesu.
Examples. — (1) AttS attano s&miko bhavati — 44 self is mas-
ter of*- self " ; “ ho himself is his own master." (2) So attano
mancake attanam khipi — “he threw himself upon his own
bed." (3) So attana mari — “he died on account of himself
(i.e. ' by his own hands’).”
Note. — (1) The singular forms may he used idiomatically for
those of the plural; as, Manussa attano dukkham attana
labhanti— “ Men obtain their own suffering through them-
selves.”
(2) The words sayam and samam which have no case in-
flections are also used to express the idea of self whether
SUCTION V.
15
singular or plural ; as, so sayam akasi— “ he did it himself ” ;
te sayam gacchissanti— “ they go themselves.” Samara is
similarly used. «
Exercise I.
(a) Translate into English : —
1. Tasmim samaye. 2. Tena navikena. 3. GopSlassa
tarn gonam. 4. So raufio rafcho. o. Tena Brahmanena.
6. Tosu Svatesu. 7. Tassa tasma purohitfi. 8. Terajftno.
9. Tesu rajusu. 10. Tassa mahSrajassa bhattakaro. 11.
Tesam amaccanarb. 12. Tasmim padese. 13. Tena upfi-
yena. 14. Tasma sara.
(b) Translate into Pali
1. On that day. 2. Those shares. 3. That sailor
(occ.). 4. From those ministers. 5. These bullocks {acc.).
6. By that spade. 7. That pride of the minister. 8.
From that place. 9. Those excavations in those places.
10. That king (acc.). 11. That gift. 12. Without that
fault. •
Exercise II.
(a) Translate into English : —
1. Tassi s& balata. 2. Tasu jalSsu. 3. Tayam disa-
yam. 4. TSsam disanarh. 5. Sa bhandika. 0. Sa ana.
7. Taya sannaya. 8. Tassa paris§ya. 9. T§ citakSyo.
10. Taxfa bhandikarii. 11. Tasu kilasu. 12. TissayaguhS-
yam.
(b) Translate into Pali : —
1. That pain. 2. Those stars. 3. In those cardinal
points. 4. My parents in that company. 5. That retinue
in Taxila. 6. By that folly of the Brahmin. 7. From
that bundle in the box. 8. From the daughter of that
king. 9. Of the resident pupils of the Brahmin. 10. By
that daughter of Rama. 11. In that direction. 12.- Of
those stars.
SECOND PALI COURSE.
16
Exercise III.
(a) Translate into English : —
1. Etasma asanS. 2. Etasmim rafthe so nparSjfi. 3.
Etam karanam. 4. Tumhakam pituno efcfini sakatSni.
5. Etassa janapadassa majjhe. 6. Etena namena. 7.
Ete kotthasJ tayaib bhandikSyam. 8. Etasam dfirikSnam
raatSpitarehi. 9. Etassa dSrikaya mStari. 10. Tassaamac-
cassa esa lilha. 11. Ranuo esi balatfi. 12. Etiss&yam
parisSya. 13. EtSni silani.
( b ) Translate into Pali : —
1. This house in Taxila. 2. This king's weapons. 3.
From the mother of this Brahmin in that house. 4. This
life of those sailors. 5. These books of the Brahmins:
6. These bullocks in those fields. 7. To the daughter of
this emperor. 8. By these causes. 9. For this daughter
in the middle of the assembly. 10. These garments of the
fishermen. II. By these precepts in the books. 12.
r These bells. 18. 'In that doctor.
SECTION VI.
The verb paca— “ to cook.”
Indicative Mood.
18. ' Present Tense.
Singular.
1. Aham pacSnu ... I cook.
2. Tvam paean ... ... Thou cookest,
3. So, sa, tam paca.'t ... He, she, it cooks.
Plural.
1. Mayam pacama ... We cook.
2. Tumhe p&catha ... You cook.
3. Te, ta, tani pacanit ... They cook.
SECTION 71.
17
N.B . — The present may bo used as an historical present with
a past meaning ; as, tada so paca ti — “ at that time he cooks.”
It may also l*e used as a present progressive ; as, idani s£
pacati, “ she is cooking now,” or even in a future sense as,
Gaccha, “ go ” ; ama gacchami, “ yes I shall go.”
19. Aorist or Preterite.
Singular.
1. Aham pacm ... ... I cooked or have cooked.
2. Tvam pact ... ... Thou cookedst or hast
cooked.
3. So, 8&, tam pact ... He, she, it cooked or has
cooked.
Plural.
1. Mayam paciWid ... 17c cooked or have cooked.
2. Tumhe p&cittha ... You cooked or have cooked.
3. Te, ta, tani pactmsu ... They cooked or have
cooked.
N.B . — The aorist forms may be used with the prohibitive
particle ma as Impex-atives ; as ma pacittha, “ do not cook.”
20. Future.
Singular.
1. Aham pactssfimt ... I shall cook.
2. Tvam pacwsasi ... Thou wilt cook.
3. So, sa, tam pacissati ... He will cook.
Plural.
1. Mayam pac issHma ... We shall cook.
2. Tumhe p&cissatha ... You will cook.
3. Te, tft, tSni pactVsanft .. They will cook.
21. Optative Mood.
Singular.
• 1. Aham puceyyami ... I would cook.
2
IS
SECOND PALI COURSE.
2. Tvam paosgyAri ... Thou wouldst cook.
3. So, sa, tam pa ceyya ... He, she, it would cook.
N.B. — The shorter form of the first person singular paceyyam
is often met with.
Plural.
1. Mayam paceyynma ... We would cook.
2. Tumhe pac eyytitha ... You would cook.
3. To, ta, tani pa ceygum ... They would cook.
N.B. — The Optative, which designates i risking, is also found
in practice to be translated by the auxiliaries could and should
to express ability and fitness.
22. The Imperative Mood.
Singular.
1. Aham pacami ... Let me cook.
2. Tvam pacaAt ... Cook thou.
* 3. So, s§, tam pacatu ... Let him, her, or it cook.
Plural.
1. Mayam pacamu ... Let us cook.
• 2. Tumhe pacatAa ... Cook you.
3. Te, ta, tani pacanlu ... Let them cook.
N.B. — The personal terminations are indicated in italics.
The final vowel a of the base paca is elided or thrown out before
i of the aorist and future and e of the optative ; as paca + im =
pacim; paca + issami = pacissami ; paca + eyyami = pacey-
yami. The vowel » as used in the aorist and future is called
the connecting votcel. Instead of pacatha in the 2nd Singular
Imperative the base paca may be used. Notice carefully
where all the long vowels belonging to the personal termina-
tions come in. Note also that with the Imperative Mood, the
negative particle ma is used for na ; as, ma pacatha, “ do
not cook.”,.
SECTION VII.
19
Vocabulary V.
[Verbs like paca. ]
in the 3rd Pers. Pres. Sing.
Acikkhati — “ intimate s,”
“ informs.”
Aruhati — “ mount s,” “ as-
cends,” “ embarks.”
Bhunjati — “ eats ” (used for
soft food).
Dhovati — “ washes.”
Khapati — “ digs.”
Marati— " dies.”
Nidahati— ' “ conceals.”
Nipajjati— “ lies down.”
Nivattati— “ turns back.”
Ovadati — “ admonishes.”
O t a r a t i — “ descend s,”
“ alights,” “ disembarks.”
Pahiijati — “ sends.”
Pakkamati— “departs."
Pakkosati — “sends for,”
“ summons.”
Pidahati — “ shuts.”
Pucchati— “asks,” “asks
about."
B a k k h a t i— “ keeps,”
“ guards.”
Saddahati — “ believes."
Sampaticchati — “ consented. ”
Ukkhipati — “throws up,"
“lifts."
Uttarati--“ goes up or over.”
Upasahkamat i — “ a p -
proaches.”
Vadhati-' 1 kills.”
Vijahati— “ forsakes,” “ aban- <»
dons.”
Viramati— “ abstains.”
Y&cati— “ asks,” “ requests,”
“ entreats.”
Rule.— Verbs of asking and telling such as pucchati and
yacati may govern two accusatives ; as, Mayam dhanlmam
tam pucohama— “ we ask him about the Truth.”
SECTION VII.
23. CONNECTIVES.
Vocabulary VI.
(a) Ca — “and” -»used to connect words and
Va— “or” J phrases. , *
20
SECOND 1’ALI COURSE.
(6) Sace or ce— “ if ” ... need to form complex sen-
tences.
(c) Pana— “but" ) used to form compound sen-
Udahu— “ or " 3 tences.
The following are correlatives
(d) < yadfi— “ when .”
{ tada— “ then."
C yatha— " as."
I tatha— " so."
( yattha— " whore."
I t'attha — " thorc."
( pana—" os for."
(.pana — “ bnt for."
t yavn or yavata— “ os far," “ until."
\ tava or tilvatft— " so far," " till then."
Ex am P LBS.
* 24. (a) Mano on doso oa— " pride and hatred."
N.B.—Ono oa may bo optionally omitted thus
Mano oa doso ; or, Mano doso oa.
25. If final m is followed by on, it is changod to n which
becomes joined to oa ; as,
Mfinam ca dosam ca = MSnafioa dosanoa.
26. ' If only one ca is used, we get —
Manam oa dosam «= Manafica dosam; or, Mfinam
dosam ca = Manam dosanoa.
Note . — Sometimes ca may be omitted altogether.
27. The use of va presents no difficulty ; as,
Ninda v& pasamsa vfi \
Ninda vfi pasamsa —"Either praise or blame."
Ninda pasamsa va ’
Va coming after m occasions no change.
SECTION VII.
21
28. (ft) Sace so (or so sace) pacissati aham bhimjis-
sSmi — “ If lie cooks, I shall eat.”
If ce be used, it cannot be placed first in the sentence, but
after so ; as,
So ce pacissati aham bhufijissami.
N.B.— ce coming after m changes to 5, as aham ce = ahance.
The position of the dependent sentence with ce or sace is before
the principal sentence.
29. (c) Aham pacissami so pana bhunjissati — “I shall
cook, bnt he will eat.”
tf'B . — Note that pana is not used ns the first member of a
sentence. Sace and ce may be construed with the Present tense
and the Optative as well as with the Future to express sup-
position.
30. ( d ) (1) Yatha sa mari tatha te marimsu— “ As she
died, so they died.” (2) Pita pana tumh&kam janama
mataram pana na passimha — 11 As for your father we know
him, but for your mother we have not seen her.”
31. Role.— When nominatives of different persons are connect-
ed by ca the verb is put in the plural to agree in person with the
last of them; as, So ca aham bhunjama, “ He and I eat.”
N.B.— Regarding the order of the pronouns in a sentence, it
should be observed that in Pali the third person ranks first, the
second next, and the first last. .
Exercise IV.
(a) Translate into English
1. Tass§ mats ca pita ca mam ovadimsu. 2. So va s5
va tarn avatafii khanissati. 3. Amacca bhattakar afica ba-
lisikanca na saddaheyyum. 4. So gbaraih bhandani ca
vijahatu. 5. Tvanca aharh attano jivitam ma vijahama.
6. Brahmano mama mataram dhitaranca ovadissati. 7.
Raja attano jivitaih va ratthnrii va vijaheyya. 8. Aham
22
SECOKD PALI COORSE.
1
rafmfi dhananca bhandaiica na pidaheyySmi. 9. Tvam
tn5 vadhahi te gone. 10. Dute ranno raa pahinatha. 11.
Te tassa anaya tarn ghantam cetiySya p^hinimsu. 12.
Tumhe acikkhami — imfini sll§ni rakkhatha.
(6) Translate into Pili : —
1. The king and his minister departed from Taxila.
2. Either RSraa or Sita will wash the garments. 3. Do
not believe the boy or his sister. 4. They would ask me
questions. 5. He and I would descend from the rock.
6. The minister of the king would not believe the
emissaries of the viceroy. 7. Ministers, let the emis-
saries take (eat) breakfast. 8. Let us not depart now.
9. Let the boy or girl come. 10. Rfima, do thou ask
the king this question. 11. That hunter asked the life
of his son from the king. 12. We and onr friends should
keep these precepts.
Exercise Y.
~ (a) Translate into English : —
1. Sace so Svatam khaneyya mam acikkha. 2. Duta
ce rajanaiii passeyyuifa aham te pakkoseyyami. 3. Da-
rako ce attano mStaram acikkhissati sa saddaheyya. 4. *
Sace te purisfi pakkamissanti aham tumhe Scikkhissami.
5. Brahmano sissaifa pahini so p&na attano pitaram na
passi. 6. BhattakSro tapdalam paci aham pana pasSne
nipajjiih. 7. Mayam nSviya otarimhS amh§kam pana
sahaya n§vaih Sruhimsu. 8. Te mam pakkosimsu aham
pana na gaccheyyami. 9. Aham attano pitarfi saddhixh
5gaccheyya so pana roam na saddahati. 10. So nu tum-
hakatfa bhata bhavati udshu bhatta. 11. Attano jivitam
rajSnam y&cahi udfihu m§tapitunnam. 12. Sace mavarii
yacSma attano iccham labhissama.
( b ) Translate into Pali : —
1. If the king’s chaplain admonishes me, I shall ask
c
SECTION VII.
23
him this question. 2. If you kill the bullock, the cow-
herd will tell the minister. 3. I shall eat breakfast, if
you will cook. 4. If the fishermen depart from this
village, do not forsake them, Rfima. 5. Are you my
friend or enemy, tell me ? 6. I shall go with my father
to-day, if you send for me. 7. My parents dwell in
Mithila, but I stay in Benares with my brother. 8. I
would tell the reason, but you will not believe my word.
9. The Brahmin admonishes his pupils, but they do not
keep the precepts. 10. Believe me or depart. If you do
not go, I shall die. 11. If this hunter should see me, he
will kill me. 12. If the pupil asks, his teacher will tell
him the matter.
Exkbcisr VI.
(a) Translate into English : —
1. Yava aham dute na pokkosissSmi tava ranno pfisSde
te vasantu. 2. Mama sahfiyo yattha vasati tattha aham
vaseyyami. 3. Yada balisiko pakkamissati tads me *.
mStaram acikkhahi. 4. Yfiva vejjo agacchissati tfiva
aham na pakkissSmi. 5. YathS pits amhe acikkhi tatha
mayam attano sahSye ovadimsu. 6. YadS vejjo pakka-
missati tada mayam sSlam pavissama.
( b ) Translate into Pali : —
1. As my father died, so I shall die. 2. Until you see
the doctor in his dispensary, till then do not drink the
medicine. 3. When you ask the king, then I shall be-
lieve you. 4. Where the pit is there those thieves con-
cealed the treasure and goods. 5. Until the messengers
see the king’s ministers till then they will not depart.
6. Until these girls speak the truth until then I shall not
believe them.
24
SBCOXD PALI COURSE.
SECTION VIII.
o
32. (a) Verbs with Ba^s is Qa or una.
I. Sana— “ to hear.” v/sa.
Present Tense.
Singular.
1. Sunami.
2. SunSsi.
3. Sunati.
Plural.
1. Sunama.
2. Suijatha.
3. Sun anti
N.B . — Notice the long vowels before the terminations mi, si,
ti, etc. The Pali pronouns aham, tram, etc., may be supplied
in this and the following tenses if desired as well as the Eng-
lish meanings.
33. Aorist.
Singular.
Plural.
1 .
Sunim.
L
Sunimha.
2.
Su^i.
2.
Suiiittha.
3.
Sunl
3.
Sunim su.
t.
Future.
Singular.
Plural.
1 .
Sunissaml
L
Suni6sama.
2.
Sunissasi.
2.
Sunissatha.
3.
Suijissati.
3.
Suniasanti.
5.
Optative.
Singular.
Plural.
1.
Suneyyami.
1 .
Suneyyama.
2.
Suneyyasi.
2.
Suneyyatha.
3.
Suiieyya.
3.
Suneyyum.
SECTION VIII.
25
36.
1 .
2 .
3.
37.
38.
Singular.
Suijami.
Supahi.
SunStu.
Gerund
Infinitive
Imperative.
Plural.
1. Sunama.
2. Sunatha.
3. Suijantu.
... SunitvS ; sutva.
... Suiiitum; sotum.
39. The Geiujnd.— T he Gerund is a verbal continuative
which helps to continuo an' action or actions without a finite
verb. “He came and saw.” — This sentence is expressed in
PSli by translating "came” by the Gerund and omitting
“ and,” leaving only the finite verb saw. “ He came, and saw
and conquered.” Here the first two verbs “ came " and “ saw ”
would have to be rendered by the Gerund and the two conjunc-
tions disregarded.
40. The geruudial sign is tva which is preceded by the
vowel i when the base of the verb ends in a. In poetry tvana
is a substitute for tvfi. Ya as a gerundial sign is added to.
roots ending in a when preceded by a prefix or augment ; as,
adaya, “ having taken ” from */da. It is sometimes added
to roots in a by the connecting vowel i ; as paciya.
Examples.
Base.
3rd Pers. Sing.
Present Tense.
Gerund.
Paca (cook!
pacati — “ cooks ” ...
pacitva
Piva (drink)
pivati— “ drinks ” ...
pivitva
Vasa (dwell)
vasati— “ dwells ” ...
vasitva
Pucoha (nsk)
pucchati — “ asks "...
puochitva
Passo (see)
passati — “sees” ...
passitvil
Bhunja (eat)
bhunjati— “ eats ” ...
bhunjitva
and so on with the other verbs.
26
SECOXD TALI COURSE.
Note.— Tva may be added directly to some roots ; as */<&
“ to give ” + tva = datva (a being kept short before the double
consonant tv) ; ^/ji, “ to conquer ” + tum= jitum. A conso-
nantal change might take place as v/gam, “ to go” + tva —
gantva, or a consonant lost as “ to do ” + tva = katva.
A vowel may change; as, v/ni, “to lead ” + tva=netv5.
Exam ples.
(J) They cooked the rice and ate = Te tandulam pacitvS
bhunjimsu.
(2) The king will see the messengers and ask questions =
Raja dute passitva panhe pucchissati.
(3) We cooked food, ate, drank water, and dwelt in the
village = Mayam bhattam pacitva bhunjitva paniyam
pivitva game vasimha.
41. Tns Inpixitive.— -T his is used as in English. Its sign
is turn and is formed according to the same method as the
'gerund. Thus we get —
pacitum— “ to cook.”
pivitum — “ to drink.”
vasitum— u to dwell.”
pucchitum — “ to ask.”
passitum— “ to see.”
~ bhunjitum— “ to eat.”
Note . — The sign tom may be added directly to a root or to a
modified form of it ; as, datura, “ to give ” (v^da) ; patum,
“ to drink ” ( v/p5) ; jetum from */ ji, “ to conquer ” ; so turn
from */stl, “ to hear.” Laddhum from v'labh, “ to get," is an
example of consonantal change, labh + turn passing into lad-
dhum ; so v'gam + tum = gantum, “to go”; but v/kar +
tum = katum, “to do," where r is lost, but the vowel before
it lengthened to compensate for the loss.
SECTION VIII.
27
Examples.
(1) I wish to dwell there = Aham tattha vasitum icchami.
(2) They went there to drink water = Te tattha panlyam
pivitum gacchimsu.
42. (a) The m of the Infinitive is suppressed before the
(ulj. k&ma, “ desirous ” ; as, Aham tarn passitukamo — “ I
wish to see him ” (the verb “ to be ” being understood after
kamo).
Vocabulary VII.
[Verbs like suna.]
Kina—'* to buy."
Vikkipa — “ to sell."
Papuna — “ obtains," “ meets,"
'* reaches," “ undergoes."
Sakkuna — “ is able,” “ is cap-
able.”
N.B .— Ganha ( = ^gah + ija), “ to get," "to acquire” may
also be classed with these verbs. The gerund of p§pui?ati
is papunitvS or patva. The verb ugganhati formed from -
gaijha signifies “ acquires by study," “ learns."
Vocabulary VIII.
42. (b) [Verbs that take the Infinitive.]
Icchati — “ wishes.” j Arabhati— “ begins."
Labhati— “ gets (is allowed.”) | Ussahati— " endeavours."
Vattati—" is right.”
Rule.-— T fe verb vattati is construed with the instrumental case
as, “ It is right for me to see him ” = Maya tarn passitum
vattati ; lit. " by me, it is right to see him." The dative may
also be used.
N.B .— The indeclinable word aakka “ able," “ possible " is
also used with the instrumental case ; as, Tena mam passitum
na sakkS— “ He is not able to see me.”
SECOND PAL! COURSE.
28
Exercise VII.
(а) Translate into English
1. Ahaip bhandani kinitv§ tani 3pape vikkiniss&mi. 2.
So mancake nipajjitvS marauam p§puni. 3. Mama ma-
tSpitaro BrShmanarii passitvS dhammam sunimsu. 4.
Rfija vedanaih pSpunitvS tasmim padese mari. 5. PurisS
sSyabhattam bhunjitvS paniyam pivitvfi hatthe dhovitva
rajauam passimsu. C. Sisso Scar iyampucchitva pak-
kami.
(б) Translate into Pili : —
1. The merchants lioaght those carts in Benares and
sold them here. 2. We bought the rice and cooked it in
the field. 3. The resident pupils arrived in the monas-
tery in the evening and heard the truths of religion. 4.
She ate breakfast in her mother's house, saw her father,
and heard his admonition. 5. He bought a horse from
Rama’s father and sold it to the merchants. 6. He will
«£end his son and grandson to Taxila to acquire the
sciences.
Exercise VIII.
(a) 'frauslate into English : —
1 . Vejjo tarn bbattam . bhonjitum na labhati. 2.
Tumhe nu sayanhe nagaram papunituih sakkunatha. 3.
Ahaifa tam passitum na icchimi. 4. Purisa panke puc-
chituih arabhimsu. 5. Dfirak§ potthakaxfa sve sikkhi-
tuifc arabhissanti. 6. Tani may§ kinitum vattati. 7.
Na sakka mays bhunjitum. 8. Sakks nn tumhehi tam
saddahitum.
(b) Translate into Pali : —
1. The men do not wish to hear the conversation of
those Brahmins. 2. The emissaries will not be able to
reach Taxila to-day. 3. You will be able to drink this
water. 4. It is not right for yon to hear that matter.
SECTION IX.
2i)
5. We are not able to live with our father. 6. The boys
and girls endeavour to learn the precepts. 7. It is
impossible fo» the women to cook to-day. 8. Are you
able to buy these goods ?
SECTION IX.
43.
1 .
2 .
3.
Miscellaneous Vekbs.
(a) Kara— “ to do.’’
*/kar.
Present Tense,
[with base in o.]
Singular.
Karomi— “I do.”
Karosi — “Thou doest.”
Karoti— “ he does.”
Plural.
1. K aroma — “ we do.”
2. Karotha— you do.”
3. Karonti— “they do.”
N.B . — We have also similarly in the present tense the bases
suqo — “ to hear," sakkuijc — “ to be able,” papuno — “ to get,”
and aakko — “ to be able.” The o base is used in the Impera-
tive also.
Aorist.
44
First Form.
45 .
1 .
2 .
3.
1 .
2 .
3.
Karim
Kari
Kari
Akfl.'im.
Akfls?.
Ak dsi.
1 .
2 .
3.
Earimha.
Karittha.
Karimsu.
Second Form.
(to be used in preference.)
1 . Ak tisimTiG.
2. AkBsittha.
3. Aka snm ; ak<rwv?n.
30
SECOND PALI COOKS K.
N.D . — The reason for this special form of the Aovist will be
learnt hereafter ( article 184). The endings that are italicized
should be committed to memory as they appearnn several aorist
forms. The initial vowel A is used as an augment ; it has no
meaning. In the 3rd pars. pi. akamsu is mostly used.
46. Future.
1 .
Kariesitmi.
1. Earissfima.
2.
Earissaai.
2. Eariaaathu.
8.
Karissati.
3. Euriasanti.
47.
Optativo.
1 .
Eareyyfirai.
1. Earoyyfimu.
2.
KaroyyilBi.
2. Earoyyfttha.
8.
Karoyya.
3. Eareyyum.
43.
Imporativo.
1 .
Earomi.
1. Earoma.
2.
Earohi.
2. Earotha.
3.
Enrotu.
3. Earontu.
49.
Gerund ..
... Earitvft and Eatvft.
50.
Infinitive
... Earitum and Efttur
W :
Dada — “ to give" v/dii.
51.
-
Present Tense.
1.
Dadami.
1. Dadiima.
2.
Dadfiai.
'2. Dadatha.
3.
Dadfiti.
3. Dadanti.
N.B . — Dada is the reduplicated base of the root dfi.
52. Aorist.
1. Adasim.
2. Adasi.
3. Adasi.
X. Adasimha.
2. AdSsittha.
3. Adasum ; adamau.
SECTION IX.
31
Future.
53.
First
Form.
1 .
Dadissfimi.
i.
Dadissilma.
2.
Dadissasi.
2.
Dadissatha.
3.
Dadisaatl.
3.
Dadissanti.
54.
Second
' Form.
1 .
Dassami.
1 .
Dasssima.
2.
Daasasi.
2.
DasBatha.
3.
Dassati.
3.
Dassanti.
N.B . — The second form is derived directly from the root
without the connecting or intervening vowel i ; ^/dZ + ssami «=
dass&mi, the vowel a becoming short before tlie double con-
sonant 88.
55.
Optative.
1. Dadeyyami.
2. Dadeyyaai.
3. Dadeyya.
1. DadeyySma.
2. Dadeyyatha.
3. Dadeyyum.
1. Dadftmi.
2. Dadahi.
3. Dadatu.
Imperative.
1 .
2 .
3.
Dadama.
Dadatha.
Dadantu.
57. Gerund... ... Datva.
58. Infinitive ... Datum.
59. The base Sdada— “ takes ” is conjugated like dada, but
isjrarely used ; but the following forms are in general use : —
Gerund... ... Sdaya.
Infinitive ... adatum.
60. (c) Tittha — “ to stand,” “ to stay,” “ to remain.”
ytha.
32
SECOND PALI COURSE.
61.
Present Tense.
Singular.
1. TitthSmi.
2. Titthaai.
3. Titthati.
Plural.
1. Tittbama.
2. Titthatha.
3. Titthanti.
N.B.— Tittha is the reduplicated base of the root tha.
62.
Aorist,
1. Atthasim.
2. Atthasi.
3. AtthSsi.
1. Atthasimba.
2. Atthasittha.
3. Atthamsu.
N.B . — The initial A in these forms in an augment and causes
in the present case the reduplication of the root consonant th
by its corresponding non-aspirate t.
Future.
. 63. First Form.
1.
Titthissami.
1. Titthissama.
2.
Titthissasi.
2. Titthissatha.
3.
Titthissati.
3. Titthissanti.
Second Form.
-
[ From the root. ]
1 .
Thassami.
1. Thassama.
2.
Thassasi.
2. Thassatha.
3.
Thassati.
3. Thassanti.
Optative.
1.
TittheyyamL
1. TittheyySma.
2.
Tittheyyasi
2. Tittheyyatha.
3.
Tittheyya.
3. Tittheyyum.
SECTION IX.
33
66.
Imperative.
1 .
Titthami.
I. Titthftma.
2.
Titth&W.
2. Titthatha.
3.
Titthatu.
3. Titthanta.
67.
Gerund
... Thatva.
68.
Infinitive ... Thatum.
69.
(d)
JaDa— “ to know.”
v/fia (° yjfia.)
Present Tense.
Singular.
Plural.
1 .
JanSmi.
1. Janama.
2.
J{inasi.
2. Janatha.
3.
JSnati.
3. Jananti.
70.
Aorist.
First Form.
1 .
Janim,
1. JanimhS.
2.
Jani.
2. Janittha.
3.
Jani.
3. Janimsu.
71* Second Form.
1. Anflasim. 1. AfinSsimha.
2. Afifiasi. - j 2. Anfiasittha.
3. Anna si. - I 3. Annasimsu.
72. Future.
1. Janissami. 1. JSniesSma.
2. Janissasi. 2. Janissatha.
3. Janissati. j 3 . Janissanti.
3
SECOSD PALI COURSE-
34
73.
1. Janeyyami.
2. JaneyySsi.
3. Janeyya.
74.
1. JSnami.
2. Jan&hi.
3. Janatu.
Optative.
1. Janeyyama.
2. JSnSyyatha.
3. J§neyyum.
I
Imperative.
1 1. Janama.
2. Janatha.
3. Janantu.
75. Gerund ... JSnitva and natvS.
76. Infinitive ... Janitum and Saturn.
77.
(*) Gama— “ to go.”
ygam.
The tenses of this verb can be formed like those of paca,
bat they are rarely used, their places being taken by the cor-
responding forms of gaccha “ to go." The special Aorist how-
ever is of importance and much used.
78.
Aorist
Singular.
1. Agamasim.
2. Agamasi.
3. Agamasi.
Plural.
1. Agamaaimha.
2. Agamasittha.
3. Agamamsu ; aga-
mimsu.
79. Gerund
80. Infinitive
Gantva.
Gantum.
The gerund agantva, “ having come," and the Infini-
tive agantum “ to come ” will be often met with.
81. Defective Verbs.
(a) The Roots yS, vfi, tha.
These and many similar roots take the terminations of the
SECTION IX.
35
present tense without change ; only in the third person plural
a is not written long before the double consonant nt. The
Imperative is filmed in the usual way. The root tha shows
some special forms (see p. 32) ; otherwise it is also defective for
the most part.
Ya— “to go.”
82.
Present Tense.
Singular.
Plural.
1.
Yami.
1.
Yama.
*2.
Yasi.
2.
Yatha.
3.
Yati.
3.
Yanti.
VOCA BILABY
IX.
vati— " blows.”
| Thati—“ stands.”
83.
(6) The Root BrQ, “
to say.”
.
Present Teuse.
Singular.
Plural.
1.
Brumi.
1.
Bruma.
2.
BrQsi.
2.
BrQtha.
3.
BrQti.
3.
Bravanti.
84.
Aorist.
I.
Abravim.
1 .
Abravimhfi-.
2.
Abravi.
2.
Abravittha.
3.
Abravi.
3.
Abravum,
vimsu.
abra-
85. (c) Vac and das.
The aorist forms of these verbs are usually met Vith.
36
SKCOVO Pin COURSE.
(a) Vac— “ to speak.”
Aorist.
Singular.
1 . Avacam.
2. Avaca.
, ( Avaca.
( Avoca.
Plural.
1. Avacamha.
2. Avacattha.
.> f Avacum.
lAvocum.
Gerund ... vatvS.
Note. — The vowel a of vac may alter to u or o.
(6) Das— “to see.”
1. Addasam.
2. Addasa.
3. Addasa.
Gerund
1. Addasamha.
2. Addasattha.
3. Addasam.
... disva.
86. (d) /Ha-" to abandon,” “ to forsake.”
Present Tense.
Singular.
2. J ah ami.
2. Jahfisi.
3. Jahati.
Plural.
1. Jahama.
2. Jahatha.
3. Jahanti.
N.B . — The present base is formed by rednplicating ha by
ja ; hence jaha. In the other tenses the base jaha is need ; as,
jahimsu, “ they forsook ** ; jahisaami. “ I shall forsake.”
Gerund
Infinitive
... jahitva and hitva.
... jahitum.
SECTION IX.
37
87.
(a) Hoti—'
‘is.
*
v'htl.
Present Tense.
Singular.
Plural.
1 .
Homi.
1 .
Homa.
2.
Hosi.
2.
Hotha.
3.
Hoti.
3.
Honti.
88.
Aorist.
1 .
Ahosim.
I
1 .
Ahosimha.
2.
Ahosi.
2.
Ahosittha.
3.
Ahoai.
1
3.
Ahesum.
89.
Future.
1 .
Hess ami.
1 .
HessSma.
2.
Hessasi.
2.
Heesatha.
3.
He8sati.
3.
Hessanti.
■90.
Imperative.
1 .
Homi.
1 .
Homa.
2.
Hohi.
2.
Hotha.
3.
Hotu.
3.
Hontu.
Gernnd ... Hutva.
Infinitive ... Hotum.
N.B. — The pupil should revise this section frequently in view of
its future usefulness and be required to repeat the tenses, giving the
English renderings at the same time.
91. Role. — The verb 11 to be " in Ptlli may be used to express
possession, the possessor being put in the dative ; as—
(а) Mama putta honti — “ I have sons, lit “ to me are
sons.”
(б) Ta8sa goham ahoai— “ He bad a honse," lit. “ to him
was a house.” .... ~ -.'Oyit
38
SECOND PiLI COURSE.
N.B . — In the first sentence, the singular hoti is idiomati-
cally allowable, though putta is plural.
c
SECTION X.
92. (a) Pre positional and Locative Forms.
[governing the Genitive.]
Vocabulary X.
Upari— " above."
Hetthft— “ under.”
Purato—" in front."
Pacohii ? bul.ind.”
Paoohato )
Antare— " within,” “ among."
Bfihiro— “ outside."
Orato — " on this Rido."
Illustrations.
1. So sigfllo pAsfinassa upari aHhftsi— “That jackal
stood abovo the rock."
2. Dfirakfi fisanassa heHha bijflram passirfisu— “ The
boys saw the cat under the seat.”
3. Maya* tassa gharassa purato aUharfasu — “We
stood in front of his house,” or, “ We stood in front of
that house.”
4. (a) AmaccSnaib assfi ranuo rathassa pacchato ahesuifa
— “The horses of the ministers were behind the king’s
chariot."
(£) Te rukkhassa pacchA thatvA corAnaih vaoanaifa
suniflisu — “They stood behind the tree and listened to
words of the robbers.”
5. Titthatu vane rukkhfinam antare— “Let him remain
among the trees in the wood.”
nn™ \ — u far."
Dflrato J
Pftrum > — “ boy ond,” “ on
Parato ) tho other side."
Santiko ) — " near,” “ from."
Samlpe J "in the pres-
onco of."
AvidOro — “ not far."
SECTION X.
39
6. Rumo uyySnassa bilhire attuno mfitaraxh passi —
“ Rama saw his mother outside the garden.”
7. (a) Mara3 pits tassa me santike dhanarfa adSsi —
“ My father gave the treasure to her in my presence.”
(£) Tassa santike hohi — “ Be thou near him.”
(c) Brfihmanassa santike so dhammaih p&pugi — “He
acquired the religious law from the Brflhinin.”
(<2) Titthfihi attano mfit&pitarftnaip samipe — “ Remain
thou near thy parents.” ; ;
8. Ranno pSsiidassa avidure amaccftnaih nivesanftni
honti— “ The residonces of the ministers are not far from
the king's palace.”
9. (a) Amhftkaih sahiyft tassft durato (hussanti— 1 " Our
friends will remain far from her.”
(b) Mama nivesanossa ddre bftlisikunam gfimo ahosi
— “ Far from my residence was a village of fishermen.”
10. Etc vftnijfl samuddassa pfirarii upasankamirhsu
— “ Those merchants approaohed beyond the ocean.”
N.B.— Occasionally tho ablative may ho found used instead
of the genitive ; as, upari pabbatfi— “ Over the moantain.”
NOTE. — The words ending in e as an tare, santike, etc., as-
sume the acc. form with a verb of motion ; as, s& tassa sanfci-
kam yati — “ She goes into his presence.”
*
Exercise IX.
(a) Translate into English : —
1. Acariyo attano sisselii saddhiih gfimassa pfiram
gantvfi Ramassa ghare idSni hoti. 2. Mayath slhassa
samipo luddam disva cetiyassa pacchato atthfisimhfi. 3.
Purisa itthiyo ca pfiniyam pivituih gfimassa avidflre tam
saraih yanti. 4. Yejjo pSsadarii upasankamitva ranno
santike amaccaih addasa. 5. Rfimo attanfi tam. kammarii
40
SECOND PALI COCKS 8.
katva mStapitunnam santikam upasankamitva fisane
nisidi. 6. Gamassa antare sigSli ahesum. 7. Tumlie te
manussSnam gharanam hetthS passissatha. 8. Ma t§ni
gharani upasankamahi.
(&) Translate into Pali : —
1. There are pagodas on the top of that mountain. 2.
The hunter went behind the man and killed him. 3. We
shall go into the presence of the king and give him this
gift. 4. I stood within the room, bnt she (stood) outside
the door. 5. Not far from the palace of the king is the
minister's dwelling. 6. He approached, stood far from
her, but, when she called him, he went near her. 7. These
Brahmins came into the presence of the chaplain and gave
this gift. 8. Is the moon near the sun or far from it ?
93.
SECTION XI.
Masc. I and I Declensions.
(a) Muni — “a sage."
No^.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Ins.
Abl.
Loc.
Voc.
Singxilar.
muni
munino ; munissa ...
m nni m ...
muninfl ...
munin/5 ; munis>n<J ;
munimAd.
muni m At ; munismim
muni
}
Plural.
muni ; muna»/o.
muniuam.
muni ; munayo.
muni At.
muntAti.
muni; munayo.
N.B . — Note the form munayo and not muniyo in the plural.
SECTION XI.
41
V0CA.BUf.4IlY XI.
Aggi— “fire." Ma^i— “gem”; “jewel.”
Asani—" thunderbolt,”* Mutthi— “ fist,” « hand.”
Adi+-“ beginning”; “ et cetera.” Nimi— “ a man’s name.”
Dipi— “ panther.” Nidhi— “ treasury.”
Gahapati— “ householder." Patti—" a foot-soldier.”
Isi— “ hermit,” “ ascetic.” RSsi— " heap."
Kapi— “ monkey." Sftrathi— “ charioteer."
Zucchi— “ cavity.” Vaddhaki— *' carpenter."
* also asani (/.)
+ also neuter.
94.
(h) Setthi — “ treasurer," “ banker.”
Nom.
setthi
setthi ; setthino.
Gen.
Dat.
J- setthino ; setthissa
sotthlnam.
Acc.
setthim ; setthinum
setthi ; setthino.
Ins.
setthi nS
Abl.
setthina; setthisma ;
setthimha.
setthlhi
Loc.
setthismim ; set-
thimhi.
setthisu.
Voc.
setthi ...
setthi ; sotthino.
N.B . — Notice the second form of the acc. in the singular
number and the form setthino in the plural. The short form
setthi in the nom. is also met with.
Vocabulary XII.
Hatthi*—" elephant." Papakarl— "evil-door," “sin-
Zutthl — “ leper.” nor."
MantI— " counsellor.” Veri— ‘‘ enemy."
Jfagaravaei — “ c i t i z e n,” Patti — “ arrow."
“ townsman.” SakkhI — “ witness.”
* also hatthi (like muni).
42
SECOND PALI COURSE.
Exercise IX.
Decline the nouns of the examples given above with Eng-
lish renderings of the cases. The same should be done with
regard to the words in the subsequent vocabularies.
SECTION
XII.
Feminine noons in
I AND 1.
95.
(a) 1. Ratti—
11 night.”
Singular.
Plural.
Now.
ratti
ratti ; rattiyo.
Gen.
Dat.
| rattiya ...
rattinam.
Acc.
rattim ...
ratti ; rattiyo.
Ins.
Abl.
| rattiya ...
•rattihi.
Loc.
rattiyS ; rattiyam ...
rattlsu.
Voc.
ratti
ratti; rattiyo.
96.
(2) Jati — “ birth.’'
Singular .
Plural.
No M.
jati
jati ; jatiyo.
Gbs.
Dat.
j jStiya ...
jatlnam.
Acc.
jStim
jati ; jatiyo.
Ins.
Abl.
J jStiya ...
jatihi.
Loc.
jStiya; jStiyam
jStlsu.
Voc.
jati
jati; jatiyo.
SECTION xir.
43
Vocabulary XIII.
Anguli
finger.”
Pali — “ a text ” ; “a text in
Bhati—
“ hire,” “ wage.”
Buddha’s Dhamma.”
Bheri—
“ dram.”
Piti-“joy."
BhOmi-
the ground.”
Rati— “ pleasure.”
Iddhi- —
“ magical power.”
Ruci— “ desire,” “ choice."
Mutti—
“ freedom.”
Satti — “ javelin.”
Khanti-
— “ patience."
Siddhi — “ success,” “ pros-
Koti— “
end,” “ cxti-emity.”
perity.”
Pacchi-
basket.”
Siri— “ glory.”
Pavatti
— “ occurrence,” “ af- '
Vithi — “ road,” "street.”
fair.’*
Vutthi — “ rain."
97.
( b ) 1. Nadi — “river."
Singular.
Plural.
Non.
nadi
... nadi; nadiyo.
Gen.
Dat.
| nadiya ...
... nadinam.
Acc.
nadim ; nadiyam
... nadi; nadiyo.
Ins.
Abl.
nadiya ...
... nadihi.
Loc.
nadiya ; nadiyam
... nadlsui.
Voc.
nadi
... nadi; nadiyo.
N.B.-
-Notice the second form
iu the acc. singular. «•
98.
2. ItthI — “ woman.”
Singular.
Plural.
Now.
itthl
... itthl; itthiyo.
Gen.
Dat.
j itthiyS ...
itthinam.
Acc.
itthim; itthiyam
... itthl ; itthiyo.
Ins.
Abl.
t itthiya ...
... itthlhi.
SECOND PALI COCKSK.
Loc. itthiya ; itthiyam ... itthisu.
Voc. itthi ... ... itthi ; itthiyo.
N.B . — The short form itthi in the nominative singular is also
found.
VOCABCLART XIV.
Atavl — “ forest.”
Baranasi— “ Benares.”
Bhagini— “ sister.”
Bhikkhuni — “ nun.”
Bhisl— “ mat.”
Brahmani — “ a Brahmin wo-
man,” “ Brfthmanee.”
Cats— “ earthen pot."
Dasi— “ female slave.”
Kumar! — " princess.”
PindJ — “ cluster,” “ mass.”
Paccar!—" raft.”
Pathavi— “the earth.”
Pokkharani — “ tank.”
Savatthi — “ the town Savat-
thi.”
Vail! — “ creeper,” “ a creep-
ing plant.”
Vasi—" hatchet.”
Devi—" queen.” Vasi— “ hatchet.”
Note . — Many feminines are formed from masculine bases by
means of I ; as, daai from daaa, “ slave ” ; kumftri from
kumSro, “ boy,” ** prince.” NI is also a feminine termination ;
as in bhikkhuni, hatthini, etc.
SECTION XIII.
M*scuLi2fE D Declension.
Bhikkhu — “ monk.
Singular.
bhikkhu ... ... bh:
Plural
bhikkhO ; bhikkhavo.
bhikkhuno, bhik-
khussa.
bhikkhum
bhikkhunS
bhikkhuna ; bhik-
bhikkhfinam.
bhikkhQ ; bhikkhavo.
ikkhuna ; bhik-
khusma ; bhxk-
khumha.
8ECT10N XIV.
45 -
Loc. bhikkhumhi ; bhik- bhikkhusu.
khusmim.
Voc. bbikkhu ... bhikkhtt; bhikkhavo;
bhikkhave.
N.B . — Notice the form bhikkhavo, not bhikkhuvo in the
plural ; bhikkhave is a respectful form of the plural voc.
Vocabulary XV.
Bhagu — “ a man's name.”
Bindu — “ drop.”
Hetu — “ cause."
Katacohu — “ spoon.”
Ketu — “ banner.”
Maccu — “ death."
Pharasu— “axe."
Setu — “ bridge.”
Ucchu — “ sugarcane.”
Velu — “ bamboo."
SECTION XIV.
Feminine U Declension.
100 .
Now.
Gf.n.
Dat.
Acc.
Ins.
Abl.
Loc.
Voc.
Dhenu — “ cow.”
Singular.
dhenu * ...
dhenuya ...
dhenum ...
dhenuya ...
dhenuya; dhonuyam
dhenu ...
Plural.
dhenfl ; dhenuyo.
dhenQnam.
dhenll ; dhenuya
dhentihi.
dhonflsu.
dhenti ; dhenuyo.
VOfABOLARY XVI.
DhStu — “ sacred relic.” Sassu — “ mother-in-law.”
Rajju — “ string,” “ rope.” . Yaga— “rice gruel."
Usu— " arrow."
46 SBCOND PALI C0UR8B.
vS B C T I 0 N
XV.
Neuter I and U Declension.
101.
(a) Atthi— “
bone."
Singular .
Plural.
Nom.
atthi ; atthim
attblni.
Gbn.
Dat.
| atthino; atthissa ...
atthlnam.
Acc,
atthim ...
atthlni.
Ins.
atthi nfi ...
'I
Ami..
atthinfi ; atthimhft ;
Vatthihi,
atthisma.
J
Loo.
atthimhi ; atthismim
atthlau.
Voo.
at*hi
attblni.
V 0 C A II U I. A II V
XVII .
Akkhi — “ oyo." 1 Satthi— “ thigh.
Sappi—
butter” ; "ghoe." 1 Vftri— " water."
102.
(b) Cakkhu —
11 oyo."
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.
cakkhu ; cakkhum ...
cakkhQni.
Grn.
Dat.
| cakkhuno ; cakkhussa
cakkhQnam.
Aco.
cakkhum...
cakkhQni.
Ins/
cakkhunft
\
Am.
cakkhuna ; cakkhu-
VcakkhQhi.
mha; cakkhusmfi. .
)
Loc.
cakkhumhi ; cakkhu-
cakkhQsu.
smim.
Voc.
cakkhu ...
cakkhQni.
Vocabulary XVIII.
I DSru — “ fire- wood ” ; “fire-
stick.”
Assu — “ tear.”
Ayu— “ life.”
SUCTION XV.
47
Dhanu — “ bow.”
Janu— “ knee."
L&pu— “ pumpkin.*' !
Vatthu—
Madhu — “ honey.”
Massu— “ beard."
Pamsu — " earth," “ dust."
“ story.”
Exercise X.
(a) Translate into English : —
1. Balisikft paccarl katv§ itthiyo nadiyii nagarassa sami-
pe ahaririisn. 2. Sace tvarii icchasi mayharii bhagini blii-
sim kinissati. 3. Deviya bhaginiyo mama santike dSsi-
narii a li aih adiisurii. 4. Mayarii rftjanan ca deviri ca pas5-
dassa avidure passimha. Te amhe na jananti. 5. Bhik-
khu ca bhikkhuniyo vitliiyarii honti. Hatthino purato
ma titthmtu. 6. Kum&ri rafmo hatthinarh uccliurii
kinitva tesaih rukkhassa hettha adasi. 7. Vaddhaki pac-
cariyo katuiii vejuyo kiniriisu. 8. Mayarii dhanuni ca
usuyo kiniturii na sakkoma. 9. Vaddhaki veluhi seturii
akasi. 10. Gopako dhenuyo rajjuhi bandhitva gSmassa
bahire rukkhassa chayaynrii atthasi. 11. Tvarii vithiya
kotiyaih savarii passitvS tassa samipe titthahi. 12. Ta
daruni fiharitvS aggirii katvS yagurii pacitva marii adarhsu.
13. Setthi ca gahapati ca sarathini saddhiih gacchiinsu.
14. Aharii manirii aggismS niharitva attano bhaginirii
dassfimi. 15. Pnssahi yogim gehapatino ghare. 16.
Sakk8 piti tasmirii uppajjitmh. 17. Buddho iddhiya
BSrfinasirii patvft gahapatirii ovadarii adasi. 18. Luddo
pasurh sattiyfi maritvfi pacchiya mariisarii ahari. 19.
Cor5 setthino atthini ataviyarii. nidahiriisu. 20. Na
sakka khantiyS ca viriyena vinfi siddlii hoturii.
(i) Translate into Pali : —
1. We are able to acquire success by exertion. 2. This
monkey will be the friend of the elephant. 3. If I
see the king’s charioteer, I shall give him the javelin.
48
SECOND PALI COURSE.
4. She did work and got hire. 5. The slave-women
threw the sugar-canes on the ground in front of the
pond. 6. It is not right for me to give the fire-wood to
those carpenters. 7. When my sister hoard the story
tears fell from her eyes. 8. We would attain success if we
abstained from ploasure. 9. He obtained the relics and
gavo them to the monks. 10. They will make a pagoda
over them. 11. I would give the javelin to the foot-
soldier, but he is not here now. 12. She will make a fire
with the fire-sticks, cook the rice-gruel, and give us to
drink. 13. Our boys bought pumpkins and gave them
to the girls to cook. 14. In our hands are harps and lutes.
15. Thunderbolts fell. from the sky on the streets of the
town. 16. Are we able to remember birth and death ?
17. The nuns heard the admonition of Bhagava, and as he
admonished them so they did. 18. .Remove the creepers
and thorns from the trees in the queen's garden. 19.
There are shops on the road ; let us go there to buy honey
and butter. 20. People in this world can acquire success
by wisdom, patience, and exertion.
SECTION XVI.
108. . ADJICTIVB8 AND Pa*TICIPLIS.
Adjectives f or tho most part are declined liko nouns with
similar terminations ; thus sundara. " fine,” “ pleasant,” is
declined liko Buddha in the masculine, like dfirikfi in tho
feminine, and like gharam in the nouter.
104. RulI. — Adjectives agree icith the nouns they qualify in
gender, number, and case ; as—
C Sundnro hatthl — “ a fine elephant.”
(a) Maso. -s Sundarassa hatthino — “ of a fine elephant.”
(,8undaro pasado— “ a fine palace.”
SUCTION xvr.
49
C Sundara darika— “ a fine girl.”
(b) Frm. 3 SundarSya darikfiya — “ of a fine girl.”
1 Sundara nadi — “ a fino river.”
'-Sundaraya nadiyam — “ in a fine river ”
( Sundaram gharam — “a fine house.”
Sundaram vatthu— “ a fine story."
Sundarftni dhanQni — “ fine bows.”
Vocabulary XIX.
[ Adjectives declined like Buddha, d&rika and gharam.]
Bala— “ foolish.” •
Pai>dita — “ clever.”
Saaca— “ true.”
Alika — “ false.”
Ucoa — “ high.”
Nica— “ low.”
Pharusa— “ harsh.”
Ghora — “ dreadful.”
Khuddaka — “ small.”
Niroga— “ well.”
Gilana— “ sick.”
Dukkha— “ painful.”
Sukha — “ happy.”
Tarawa— “ young.”
MahaUako— “old.’’
Papa — “ sinful."
Kusala — “ virtuous.”
PuraQa — “old,” “ancient.”
Nava— “ new.”
Madhura— “ sweet.”
Tittaka— “ bitter.”
Digha — “ long.”
Rasaa — “ short.”
Uijba— “ hot.”
Sit ala — “ cool.”
104. N.B . — The adjective nana, “ various,” “ separate,"
is indeclinable, chiefly used as the first pact of a compound
as nanapupphehi— “ with various flowers ” or separately with
the verb “ to be,” as nana hotha, “ be you separate tesam
jivita gamanam nana hoti — “ Their departure from life is
various."
Exercise XII.
(a) Translate into English : —
1. So halo puriso hoti sa pana pandita (hoti). 2.
Raso tesam ambanam fcittako ahosi. 3. LSpuni madhurfini
honti. 4. Aham taruno sa pana taruna hoti. 5. Ratti
4
50
SECOND PALI COURSE.
digha liessati. 6. Te puranSni dhanQni kinimsu. 7.
Mayarii ghore hatthl passimhfi. 8. Tft itthiyo sitalSyam
bhumiyam nisidanti. 9. Pharusflni vacanfini mfi vadahi.
10. Sft ajja gilanfi. 11. Sfi BrAhmani kusalfini karamflni
karoti. 12. Dukkham hoti phalam pftpanaih kammfinarii.
(b) Translate into Pfili
1. Thoy will tie the cow with a long string. 2. Tho
deeds of men and women are evil. 8. The girls saw a
dreadful lion in front of the shop. 4. Tho townsmen gave
old honey to tho monks. 5. Tho lifo of tho gods is long.
G. Wo listen to old stories. 7. My father will buy a now
house in Benares. 8. I sat on tho hot rock near tho rivor.
9. I am sick to-day, but to-morrow I shall bo well. 10.
Lifo ia this world is painful. 11. Wo dwell in high
houses. 12. We seo young womon and old men on fcho
streets.
105. N. B . — Though adjectives can bo used separated from
nouns, thoy can also bo used in combination, the baRo form
being employed, as —
Pharusavacanam— " harsh spocch.'*
Papditapurl80— “a clover man.”
Gilftnaitthl — “ a sick woman.”
. KUsalakammani — “ virtuous actions.”
Dlgharattiyo — “ long nights.”
[ For tho exorcises in this book the compounded forms are
not required until tho section on Compound Words is reachod.]
106..., Participles.
Participles being of the nature of adjoctives aro treated
similnrly v
SECTION XVI.
51
107. (a) Present Participles in mana.
[Declined like Buddha, darika, and gharam.]
The suffix mana is added to the base of verbs to form the
present participle ; as —
Pacamana—' 11 cooking.”
Gaccbamana — “ going.”
Passamana — “ seeing.”
KaramSna — “ doing.”
Such participles are declined like Buddha in the masculine.
dSrika in the feminine, and gharam in the neuter.
Examples.
1. Sft bhattam pacamana (nom. ding, fern.) c&tim bhin-
di — “ She, cooking the rice (i.e. while cooking the rice), broke
the pot.”
2. Aham rajanam vithiyam gaccham&nam ( acc . ring,
masc.) passiss&mi — “ I shall see the king going on the road."
3. Aham vithiyam gacchamano (nom. sing, masc.) devim
passi— “ I, going on the road (i.e. while going on the road),
saw the queen."
108. (6) Present Participles in nta.
[Declined like Buddha, nadi, and gharam.]
Present participles are also formed by adding nta to verbal
bases; as —
Pacanta — “ cooking.”
Gacohanta — “ going."
Passanta— “ seeing.”
Karonta — 11 doing.”
N.B . — Note in the case of the Inst word nta is added to
karo the base of the present tense (see page 29) ; so also
sakkonta, “ being able."^
272’i
SECOND PALI COURSE.
52
The masculine declension of these participles is like Buddhn,
the feminine like nadl, the neuter like gharam.
•
Illustrations.
Mate. Paoanto (nom.), pacantassa (yen. and dot.), pacantam
(acc.) ; etc.
Neut. Pacantam (nom.), pacantassa (gen. and dot.), paoan-
tam (acc.) ; paoantftni (nom. pi.) ; etc.
109. Fem. Paoantl of which a shorter form is pacatl (with-
out the n).
(1) Declension of Paoantl, “cooking.”
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.
paoantl ...
... paoantl; pacantiyo.
Gen.
DAT.
| pacantiyS
... pacantinam.
Acc.
pacantim
... pacanti ; pacantiyo.
Ins.
Abl.
' pacantiya
' ... pacantihi.
Loc.
/
C pacantiyfi,
paean- paoantlsQ.
(. tiyam.
Voc.
paoanti ...
... pacanti, pacantiyo.
110. # (2) Declension of pacati, " cooking.”
. Singular. Plural.
Nom. pacatl
E -
Acc. pacatim
£ w
Loo. pacatiya; pacatiyam.
Voc. pacati
.. pacatl; paoatiyo.
... pacatlnam
.. pacatl; paoatiyo.
... pacatlhi.
pacatlsu.
... pacatl; paoatiyo.
SECTION XVI.
53
111. Special forms of the Maso. and neuter participles.
Instead of pacanto (mate.) and pacantam ( neut .) there is a
short form pacam.
Special cases of pacam.
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.
paoom
Gbn.
Dat.
| paoato
... pacatam.
Ins.
Abl.
J paoatA
Loc.
paoati
N.B.-
-Tho word mahanta,
“ great," “ much ” and mauy
others as gunavanta, “ virtuous " ; jutimanta— '* resplendent ”
ending in nta are declined liko pacanta. (See further on.)
Participial I l ld strati oss .
112. 1 . Mayam tam purisam paccariya gacchantam pae-
fiimha— “ We saw that man going by a raft (or ‘ on a raft
2. Daruni Aharam paeantinam tasam itthinam dadahi
— ' Give the fire-wood (or* fire-sticks ’) to those women cooking
the food."
3. So kammam karontam tam purisarii jfinati — " He
knows that man doing (‘ who is doing’) the work.”
4. To pavattim na jAnantA mam pucohi — “ They, not
knowing the affair, asked me." *
5. VAijijA pobbatnssa samlpo titthantAni gharAni ajjn
vikkiijimsu — *' Tho merchants to-day sold the housos stand-
ing (or ' whioh aro standing ’) nonr tho mountain."
113. Adjeotives in vA and ma.
Adjectives in vft or ma express possession. VA is added to
bases in a ; ma to bases in i and u ; as —
(1) gunava — “ virtuous " from gun a, " virtue."
(2) khantim A— “ patieut " from khanti, “patience.”
54
SECOND PiLI COURSE.
(3) hetumft — “ having a cans© ” from hetu, “ cause.”
These forms are masc. and used only in the nominative case.
They may bo replaced by the nta forms ; as —
(1) gunavonto ... ^ •
(2) khantimanto ... ^ declined liko pacanto.
(3) hotumanto ... j
Tboir feminines are liko pacantl (or paoatl) and the uoutora
liko paoantam (or paoam). Sea art. 110-112.
Vocabui.akt XX.
[Adjectives in vft.]
Bala vft — “ Ntrong."
Bftlava — ** foolish."
Dhanava — “ rich.”
Mftnavfi— " pioud."
Punnava— " meritorious.”
PannavS — “ wise.”
Himava — “ cold.”
Gunavft — " virtuous.'
Sutavft— “ well
“learned."
infoimed,"
Vocabulary XXL
[Adjectives in mi]
Jutimft— “ brilliant.” | Ketuma — “having a ban-
Khantimsi — “ patient.” ner."
Hetumft — “ having a cause." Bucimft— “ pleasing."
Cakkhuma—" having eyes.” Sucimft— “ pui-e.”
114. Bhagavft — “worshipful.”
This wox-d Bhagavft, from the noun bhaga, “ majesty,"
" power " is used as a designation for Gotama Buddha and tho
Boddhas in general as majestic, powerful beings deserving to
bo reverenced or worshipped. As such it can be i-endored by
“ his Reverence."
Declension of Bhagavft.
Singular.
bhagavft ...
Plural.
bhagavanto.
bhagavantfi.
Now.
SECTION XVI.
55
Gen.
Dat.
J-bhagavato
f bhagavantanam.
L bhagavatam.
Acc.
bhagavantam
f bhagavanto.
Lbhagavanta.
Ins.
Al«L.
J-bhagavata
... bhagavantehi.
hoc.
bhagavati
... bhagavantesu.
Vnc.
| bhagava
.;. c bhagavanto.
(. bhagavam
... \ bhagavanta.
The plural is used when more than one Buddha is referred to.
115. Tub Passive Perfect Participle.
The Passive Perfect Participle is treated as an adjective and
is declined like Buddha, d&rika, and gharam. The general
rule for its formation is by the suffix ta added to the verbal
base by the connecting vowel i ; as —
p-p.p. adjectives in ita.
pacita— “ cooked.”
passita — “ seen.”
ovadita — 11 admonished." *
Scikkhita— ” informed.”
116. Illustrations.
1 . So mam paoitam yagum adasi— “ He gave me the
cooked gruel.”
2. Bhattam tena pacitam hoti — “ The food has been
cooked by him.”
3. Mayam aoikkhitam thanam jfinSma— “ We know the
place pointed out.”
4. Dhammo maya Soikkhito hoti—' “ The law has been
pointed out by me.
56
SECOND PALI COCRSB.
N.B . — The verb “to be ” is generally omitted when the
passive perfect participle is used predicatively as in examples
2 and 4. This participle is nsofol in doing away with the
use of the passive voice.
VOOABULARY XXII.
(a) p.p.p . adjectives in ta.
Kata— “ dono.”
Jftta— “ becomo,” " produced.”
Nlfca — “ led," “ taken/’
Bhutta— " eaten ” ; “ enjoyed.”
Gata— " gone.”
Agata— “ come.”
Uggata — “ gone up,*’
Parfijita — “ conquered.”
Bhlta — “ terrified."
Anita—'' brought.”
Hata — u struck."
Khata— “ dug."
Mata—" dead."
Gutta— “ guarded.”
Vutta — “ spoken.”
(6) p.p.p- adjectives in nn.
Bhinna—" broken.” Chinna— “ cut.”
Dinna — “ given." Niainna — “ seated.”
Note . — Roota in d often form the pp.p. by means of nn, as
Vbhid, “ to break "—bhinna ; v/chid, “ to cut "—chinna.
117. Illustration 8.
1 . Rattham rannfi par&jitam— " The kingdom has boen
conquerod by tho king. "
2. So may& parftjito — “ He baa been ovcrcomo by mo.”
3. So gato— " Ho has gone.”
4. Sa gata — “ she has gone."
5. Vaddhaki d&rakena hato— " The carpenter was struck
by the boy.”
6. Sa bhitS hutva attano gharam Sgata— “ She being
terrified has come to her honse.”
SECTION XVI.
57
7. Papani kamm&ni tehi katfini — “ Evil deeds have been
done by them.”
8. Pamsu tena khatfl §vatfi maya anlto— “The mud
from the pit dug by him has been brought by me.”
9. So idha agatena purisena hato— “ He has been struck
by the man who came here (lit. ‘ from the come-here man’).
10. Yada asso mama dinno tadft tam aham vikkinis-
sami — “ When the horse is given to me, I shall sell it.”
11. Sace nava bhinna vaddhakim pakkosfthi — “ If the
boat is broken call the carpenter.”
12. Aham fisano nisinno sa pana bhumiyam nisldi— “ I
was seated on the chair, but she sat on the ground.”
Exercise XIII.
The English renderings in the foregoing illustrations in this
section may be given for translation into Pali with slight
modifications as to person and number.
118. The Future Passive Participle.
This Participle is formed by the suffix tabba. To verbal
bases in a it is added by means of the connecting vowel i,
but it is also added directly to a root ; as —
Pacitabba — “ to be cooked ” ; “ fit to be cooked.”
Pa88itabba — “ to be seen ” ; “ fit to be seen.”
Databba— “ to be given ” ; “ fit to be given.”
Kattaba or katabba— “ to be done ” ; “ fit to be done."
N.B . — The declension of such words is like that of Buddha,
<l&rik5, and gharam.
119. Illustrations.
1. Kammam me kattabbam — “ The work is to be done by
me.”
2. Tam rtlpam na passitabbam — “ That picture is not fit
to be seen.*’
SECOND Pill COURSE.
58
3. Sa y&gu na pivitabba ; na mo databba ; puna paci-
tabbft — “ That rice gruel is not fit to be drunk ; it should not
be given by me; it should be cooked again."
4. So maggo na gantabbo — “ That rood is not to bo tra-
versed (lit. * gone on
Vocabulary XXIII.
120. Adjectives in i, 1, and u.
(a) In X.
Suci — " paio.” | Hari— " groen."
121.. (6) Ini
SokI — “ sorrowful." | DhammI— “ righteous.”
20. — The adjective tunhl, “silent" is not inflected but
must be treated as an indeclinable ; as, so tunhi ahosi, “ ho
was silent."
122. (c) Inn.
Bahu— “ many." | Vaggu— “pleasing."
Katafinu—" grateful.”
123. N.B. — The above adjectives arc declined like nouns
with similar termination!*. The feminines may be formed with
the suffix nl also ; as—
SokI pur iso—‘ • a sorrowful man.”
SokinI dftrikft— “ a sorrowful girl."
BahQ janft— “ many people."
BahunI nadiyo— " many rivers.
Here sokinl and bahun! would be declined like nadl. Bahu
is more frequently compounded ; as —
BahumanuasS — “ many men."
Bahuphalani— “ many fruits.”
SECTION XVII.
59
124. Fem. Adjectives in I may be formed from masc. ones ; as,
jammo (masc.) “base fem. jammi.
SECTION XVII.
125. Tub Dativk and the Locative Ausoldte.
When a nouu or prononu in tho dative or locative case is con-
strued with a participle in the same case to take the place of
a dependent sentence, the construction is called the dative
absolute construction or the ablative absolute construction as tho
case may be : as—
(«) Tho Dative Absolute of the Present Participle.
1. Tassa aggim karontassa aham darQni fihariss&mi —
“ While he is making the fire (lit. ‘to him doing the fire’),
I shall bring fire-wood (or ‘ fire-sticks ’).
2. Purisassa evam vadantassa mahanti vedanS uppaj-
jimsu — *' While the man was speaking thns great pains ensued
(lit ‘ uprose
3. Coranam dhanam nidahantanam suriyo uggato —
“ While the robbers were concealing tho treasure, the sun
arose."
126. ( b ) The Locative Absolute of Present and Past Perfect
Passive Participles.
1. Suriye uggaochanto te kammam karissanti— “ When
the sun rises (lit. ‘ on the sun rising ’) they will do the work.”
2. Tasmim gate aham agato — “ When he had gone (lit.
‘ on his having been gone’), I arrivod.”
3. Bhatte pacito mam vad&hi— “ When the rice is cooked
tell me."
4. Tesu pa8santesu aham bhunjamano nisldim— “ While
they were looking, I sat eating.”
5. Tasmim vutte so mam upasafikami — “ That being-
spoken, he approached me.”
60
SECOND PALI COURSE.
127.
•<«>
Nou.
Gen.
Dat.
Aoc.
Ins.
Abl.
. Loo.
Now.
Gbn.
Dat.
Ac£.
Ins.
Abl.
Loo.
SECTION XVIII.
Numerals. r
From 1-18.
(a) Cardinals.
Vocabulary XXIV.
Eka— “ one.”
Masculine.
Plural.
.. eko.
... ekoaam.
... oko.
... ekohi.
... okosu.
N.B .— The plural oko signifies " somo."
Singular.
oko
| oknsflu
okam
okona |
okasmfi j
okasmim ...
Feminino.
Singular. • Plural.
okft ... ... okfi; okftyo.
okisBa ; okfiya
okam
ekiaaa ; okfiya
okiaafi ; okfiya ; ekiaaa-
yam ; ekfiyam.
okunam.
okfi ; ekfiyo.
ekfihi.
okaau.
129. Neuter.
Singular. Plural.
Nom. okam ... ... ekani.
N.B . — The neuter declension is like gbaram.
SECTION’ XVIII.
61
130 _ Declension of Dvi, Ti and Catu.
Base.
Nom. & Acc.
Gen. & Dat.
Ins. & Abl.
Loc.
Dvi, di
dve
dvinnam ...
dvihi ...
dvisu.
r
Mate, tayo ...
tinpam ...
tlhi
tisu.
Ti A
|
l
Fern. ti88o ...
tissannam
tlhi
tisu.
Neut. tini ...
ti??am ...
tlhi
tisu.
r
Catu i
1-
Masc. cattaro
Fem. cataeso
catuppam
catassan-
nam.
catQhi ...
catQhi ...
catQsu.
catGsu.
Neuf. cattari
catupnam
catQhi ...
catQsu.
Declension of Numerals from 5 to 18.
Panca...
panca
pancannam
pancahi
pancasu.
Cha ...
cha
channam...
chahi ...
chasu.
Satta ... .
satta
sattannam
sattahi ...
sattasu.
The following are similarly declined
Attha — 8; nava— 9 ; dasa — 10; ekfidasa — lljdvadasa —
12; terasa— 13; catuddasa— 14 ; pancadasa— 15 ; solasa —
16; eattada8a — 17 ; atthadasa— IS.
131. Numerals from 19-99.
Tkeso are declined as feminines like ratti.
SBCOSD PALI COORSK.
•62
VOCABDLART XXV.
EkOnavl8ati--“ 19.”
Viaati — “ 20."
Satthi-" CO."
Aslti — “ 80."
Examples.
VIsati purieR— “ twonty men.”
Visatiyam purisesu— “in twonty men."
Ti8SO visatiyo puriaa — “ sixty men" or “ throe (time*)
twenty men."
Vocabdlart XXVI.
132. Sata— 100 and Sahaeaa— “ 1,000.”
These are declined as neuters like gharam. Used by them-
selves they may be construed with the genitive case ; as —
Purisanam satam — “one hundred men."
Itthinam dvo satani — “ two hundred women."
I
133. (6) Ordinals.
Vocarolary XXVII.
Masculine. Feminine Neuter.
(liko Buddho). (like fem. in & or I). (like gharam).
Pathamo
path am R
pathamam— “ first."
Du'tiyo
dutiya
dutiyam— " second."
Tatiyo
tatlyR .
tatlyam — “ third."
Catuttho
catutthi
catuttham — “ fourth."
Pancamo
panoaml
paficamam— “ fifth."
Chattho
) ofaatthl
l ohattham ) - , . , ,,
t < chatthamam } 8ut k
Chatthamo
( chatthaml
Sattamo
sattaml
sattamam — “ seventh."
Afcthamo
atthaml .
atthamam — “ eighth."
Navamo
navami
. navamam— " ninth."
Dasamo
• dasaml
dasamam — “ tenth."
SUCTION XVIII.
03
134. N.B . — The ordinals from 5 upwards are usually formed
by adding mo, ml, mam to the cardinals. Like adjectives
the base form of the numerals will be found in combination
with nouns.
Exercise XIV.
(а) Translate into English : —
1. Ete tayo purisa mahantam sirirn pfipuniriisu. 2. So
rSja mahantiya senSya tini nagarSni parfijito. 3. Uve
purisa tisso itthiyo ca ekasmim ghare vasanti. 4. Mama
nivcsanarii dvinnam mahantanam rukkh§narh antare tit-
tliati. 5. Te ekam hatthim cattaro asse setthisma kinim-
su. 6. Eko puriso figato. So vikkinitum cattfiri satakani
Shari. 7. Dvisu gfimesu bahii vaddhaki vasanti. 8.
BhattakSro catasso mahantiyo catiyo kini. 0. Cattaro
purisS tisso itthiyo ca ekissa rattivaih marimsu. 10. Pak-
kosahi dasa purise. 11. Tayo corS ekissS guhayam mahau-
tSni bhandSni nidahimsu. 12. Sace te mama tayo sahSya
agaccjieyyum aham tehi saddhim gantum na sakkunis-
sami.
(б) Translate into Pali : —
1. I have three sons and four daughters. 2. Many
great men live in these two towns. 3. Of the*three
houses my house is first. 4. The second man *^as very
old. 5. The fourth woman is my friend’s sister. 0.
You will see four birds on that tree near the house. 7.
Of seven brothers, two are clever, bnt of these two one is
wicked. 8. Either three or four girls will come. 9.
Five hundred women live in those villages in nineteen
houses. 10. Pour thousand men departed from the
town. 11. We have two sons; one is wise but one is
foolish. 12. Eighty monks dwelt in the monastery.
64
SECOND riLl COURSE.
SECTION XIX.
The Pronouns ya, ka,
and ayam.
(«) ya— “ who,” “ which,” “ what.”
135.
[Relative.]
Masculine.
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.
yo
ye.
Grn.
■)
Dat.
yassa
yosam.
Acc.
yam
ye.
Ins.
yena )
yehi.
Abl.
yasma )
Loc.
yasmim
yesu.
136.
Feminine.
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
yS
ya; yayo.
| ySya; yassa
yasam.
Acc.
yam
y5; yayo.
Ins.
Abl.
l ySya
yahi.
Loc.
ySyam ; yassam
yasu.
137.
Neuter.
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.
Gen.
yam
yani.
Dat.. .
, yassa
yessatn.
Aco.
yam
Ins.
yena 1
Abl.
yasma j
Loc.
yasmim ...
yam.
yehi.
yesu.
SECTION XIX.
65
Vocabulary XXVill.
[ Indefinite Pronouns declined like ya. ]
*
Anna ^
Itara ^ “ other, ” •' another."
Para J
Katama- which ?
Sabba— “ all."
Pubba— “ former."
Afinatara — “a certain,
“ some."
" “ what?"
»
13K i b i Ka who ? " - what ? " •* whioh ? ”
[ IntoiTognlive. ]
N.H . — The declension of ka is liko the doclonsion of ya
except that, in thn neuter, tlm uom. singular and accusative are
usmilly kim not kam ; as- -
Nom. |
Acc. J
1. Kim hoti—" What is this ? "
2. Kim punnam kfttabbam— “ What merit is
to ho performed ? ”
3. Kim kariaaiimi— " Wlmfc shall I do?”
4. Kim datvil oto kii^iaaatha— “ Giving what,
will you buy thoso ? ”
N.B .— Tho m of kim may chango to tho nasal letter of a
word following it or to m boforo a vowel ; ns—
1. Kim pans etam loko jlvitam (hoti) — “ But what is
this life in the world ? ”
2. Kin nu id&ni karoma— “ What (ahnll) wo do no*v ? ”
3. Kin te katam— 1 “ What has been dono by thee? ”
4. So kim akfiai— “ What did he do ? "
139. (c) Kim with the Dative and Instrumental.
Kim when used with the Dative of a person and the Instru-
mental of an action, state, or other circumstance has the signi-
fication ‘ of what use ” or “ what good ” ; as —
1. Kin te ( = kim + te ) idftni gacchantena — “ What
good is there to thee by going now ? ”
5
66
SECOND PALI COURSE.
2. Kim me (kim + me) jivitona — “ What good is there
to mo by living ? ”
3. Kim tumhakam rajjena— “ What u$ie is there to you
by sovereignty ? ”
140. ( d ) Kim is used art a base to form compound expres-
sions ; as—
1. Kimpuriao— “ What man.? ”
2. KihkiLruiift (a bl.)— tl From what reason ? ” “ Hy what
CftUSO P ”
141. Til* Usk OK ya as a Coki.'Ri.ati vk.
(a) Ya is used with so, aft, and tam oh a correlative pro-
noun ; as—
1. Yo puriao mam pasai ho agnmfiai— “The man who (lit.
‘what man’) saw mo has (lit. 1 hn has’) gone."
2. Yona maggona so ftgato tona maggona aham gaoohis-
aftmi— “ Tho road by whioh (lit. * by what rood ’) ho oame, by
that road shall 1 go”; or “ I shall go by tho road by whioh ho
camo.”
3. Yii itthl mam pakkoaafci aft atlviya punditft— “ The
woman who culls me is very olovor,” lit. “ What woman calls
mo sho is very clever.”
4. Yosam puriaftnam to sahftyft bhavanti teaam aham
aahftyo bhaviaaftmi — “ I shall be the friend of those men
whose friends thoy ore," or lit. “ Of what men they ore friends,
of thorn I shall be friend.”
142. (6) The acc. yam, the ins. yena, and the all. yaamft
are used sdvorbially meaning “since,” “whereby,” "seeing
that,” “ because ” ; as,—
1. Tumho tam na gupavantaro janeyya yam so papdito
hoti— “ You should not know him as virtuous becawe he is
clever.” ,
section xix.
<57
2. Yaamsi sii dahara tasma papSni karisaati — “Since
she is young therefore she commits evils.”
3. So kirn akasi yena maranam piipuni— “ What did ho
do whereby he suffered (lit. ‘attained ’) death ? ”
14:1. (r) Yena in the meaning of • where ’ is used as u cor-
relative to tena, ' there ’ ; as,—
1. Yena te vasanti tena gacch«ma--“ Let us go whore
they dwell,” lit. " wlieio they dwell there lot us go.”
2. Yena Bhagavit tona upasaftkami— “ He uppronohod
where Bhagavft was.”
144. ( d ) Dkoi.knsion of tub Indkkinitjc Pronoun in oi.
By suffixing oi to ko, kft, and kid), wo got kooi, kftoi and
kifioi, “whoever,” “whatever,” “nuyono,” " someone.”
Mom.
Gkn.
Dat.
ACC.
Ins.
A hi..
Loc,
Koci (Mosenline.)
Singular.
kooi
}
kussaci ...
kefioi
lcenaoi
kaBmaci
kusmiuci
Plural.
... kooi.
... kosufici.
... koci.
j ... keliioi.
... kesuci.
Note.— m followed by o turns to fi the nasal lottor of the
o class ; as, kam oi = kufioi, kuamlm oi = kaamifiei, and
kesam oi = kesufici.
EXBKOISB FOR D gOLKNSIOK.
(1 ) Decline the feminine kfici.
(2) Decline the m uter iifici.
145. -(e) Dbolbnsion of ubho, “ both."
[used in all the genders.]
Mou. • ubho ... ... “both.”
68
SECOND PALI CODR.SK.
Gun.
1 ubhirmam
... " of, to. nr for both.
Dat.
/
Acc.
ubho
... “both.”.
Ins.
Abl.
1
!
... “ by nr from both."
boo.
ubhosu ...
... “ in or on both.”
146.
l/> Ay am-
— *• tbiH ” ; *• be."
Mnnoiilim*.
Silty uht.r.
Plural.
Non.
ay am
... imo.
Gun.
j as 8 a ; imasHu
... imoaam.
DAT.
Ago.
Imam
... imo.
Ins.
iminft ...
| ... imohi.
Abl.
imnsmft ...
Loo.
imnsraim
... imeau.
147.
Koinininc.
Singular.
Plural.
Now.
ay am ...
... imft ; imftyo.
Gun.
Dat.
| imiasft ; imftya
... imftsam.
Ac c.
imam
... imft : imftyo.
Ins.
AW..
| imftya ...
... imfthi.
Loc.
imissfiya ; imissfiyam : imftsu ;
imftya : imayam.
148.
Neuter.
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.
imam : idam
... imani.
G«n.
1
Dat.
V assa; imas8a
... imoaam.
SBOTION XX.
(>9
Aoo.
imam ; idam
... imani.
Ins.
imina
%
| ... imehi.
Aml.
imasma
hoc.
imasmira ...
... imesu.
SECTION XX.
140. Tnie Nariiativk Skin Ti.
The partido ti, the rodncod form of iti, is largely used to
exprosR direct and indiroot narration or for tlio purpose of quo-
tation. It is UH«d with verbs of Haying, telling, thinking, blow-
ing, naming, and tho liko. There in ono verb that is repoatodly
mot with to express quotations and that is ftha, “said" or
“says," which iH used as a third person singular. It* plural
is tiliamsu. Originally thoso forms wore need in tho past
teuso only.
160. Tho rules applying to quotations oro : —
(a) Tho last syllablo of a quotation must bo long; if not
naturally long, it is longthoncd.
(5) If the last word onds in m, tho m is changed to n
boforo t of ti, n boing tho corresponding nasal of the t class
of letters.
(c) Tho verb of narration is usually placed at the ond of
tho quotation, but it may also be usod beforo.
(d) The verb upon which tho quotation depends is some-
times implied or understood.
151. Illustrations.
(1) Te “ mayam pandita ” ti vadimsu — They said, “we
are wise.”
(2) Sa “sacs tam na labhiasami marissami ” ti fthu —
She said, “ If T do not get it. I shall die.’’
70
SECOND i'ALI COURSE.
(3) Matfipitaro attano dhitaram “so ativiya balo ” ti
ahamsu — The parents’ told their daughter, “Ho his very
foolish.”
(4) Eamo aha “Ahum rafifio sahayam janftmi”ti —
Rama said, “ 1 know the king's friend.”
(fi) To “ amhohi kammam katan ” ti ( = katam + ti )
—They said, “ The work has boon dono by ns.”
CG) Itthi “ kim amhakara otam dukkhan” ti pucchim-
su — Tho women asked, “ Why is this sorrow for us?”
(7) Manussft “ hoti imasmim loko jlvitonca maraijan ” ti
jftnanti — Mon know “There is in this world birth iw well as
death.”
(8 ) “ Ko nfima tvan " ti— Who art thou ? ”
(9) MStfipitaro attano puttassa “ Brahmadatto” ti nil-
mam akamsu — Tho parents named thoir son Brahnmdatta,
lit. Tho parents did tho name “ Brahraadntta ” to thoir son.
(10) Rftdho ti’ssa ( « ti + assa) nilmnfh — His name is
Rfidha.
(11) To “ sitdhfl ” ti sampaticohimsu — They consented
saying " very well,” (lit. " good ").
(12) “Ayam mo sftmiko hottt ” ti ftha— Sho said, “ Lot
this (mun) bo my husband. "
Ex k nr i he XV.
Translate into Pfili : —
1. He asked, " What (is) your name ? ” (2) “ My friend
assented (saying) “very well” and departed. 3. “What
use is life to me ? ” 4. They said, “ We shall do this work
to-day.” 5. We shall ask the man, “ (are) you tho king’s
son ? ” 6. The physician said, “ I am not able to come ;
I (am) sick.” . 7. “ Let (it) be,” she declared. 8. I shall
name my daughter SondarT. 9. The king said, “ Do not
allow the thieves to enter the city.” 1 0. He went there
and asked." Why do yon commit evil deeds ? ” 11. They
SECTION XXI.
71
said, "Yes." 12. Who calls me saying, “ Friend, friend ? ”
13. “ It is impossible for us to do so/'
PA HT H.
SECTION XXI.
Verbal Basks in E.
1W. ( x ) No— “ to loud,” to “ bring.”
Presont Tenso.
Singular.
Plural.
1.
uomi.
1.
noma.
•*
nosl.
2.
notha.
X.
noti.
1
3.
nonti.
l.*>K.
Aorist.
1.
anosiin.
1.
anoBimhu.
2.
anesi.
2.
anosittha.
.3.
anosi.
3.
unoHurn.
Note, —a is the aorist augment
164.
Future.
1.
nesaami.
1.
nossamu.
2.
□ossosi.
.
2.
nossutha.
3.
nossati.
3.
nossanti.
156.
Optative.
Singular.
Plural .
1.
neyyami.
1.
noyyama.
2.
noyyasi.
2.
noyyatha.
3.
neyya.
3.
neyyum.
72
SECOND PALI CODESK
156.
Imperative.
Singular.
Plujal.
1.
nemi.
1. noma.
2.
nehi.
2. netha.
S.
notu.
3. nontu
157.
Gerund.—
netvft.
158.
Infinitive.
— notum.
159.
Presont Participle. — nenta, nomann
160.
Passive Perfect Participle — nlta.
161.
Passive Future Pai-ticiple.—netabba.
Vocabulary XXIX.
[Verbs like neti.]
Seti— lies.”
Aneti— “ brings,” "leads
to.”
Eti — “ goes.” Deti—* 4 gives.”
Note . — The verb deti is chiefly used in the Present Tense and
Imperative Mood.
162. ( b ) Katbe— “ to toll," “ narrates.”
Present Tense.
* Singular.
Plural.
1.
kathomi.
1.
kathoma.
2.
kathesi.
2.
kathetha.
3.
kathoti.
: 3 .
kathonti.
163.
Singular.
Aorist.
Plural.
1.
kathesim
I 1.
katbesimha.
2.
kathesi.
2.
kathesittha.
3.
kathesi.
3.
katbesum.
SECTION XXI.
73
164.
Singular.
Future.
Plurul.
1 .
kathossfimi.
1 .
kathossitma.
2.
kathoasaai.
2.
kathoasatha.
8.
kathossati.
3.
kathossanti.
1G5.
Singular.
Optative.
Plural.
1 .
katheyyami.
1 .
kathoyyfima.
2.
kathoyyasi.
2.
kathoyyatha.
8.
katheyya.
3.
katheyyum
166.
Singular.
Imperative.
Plurul.
1 .
kathemi.
1 .
kathema.
2.
kathehi.
2.
kathetha.
3.
kathotu.
3.
kathentu.
167. Gerund
168. Infinitive
169. Present Participle
170. Passive Porfoot Participle
171. Pasaivo Pnture Partioiple
kathetva.
kathetum.
kathento (masc.)
kathonta (fem.)
kathito ( masc.)
kathitil (fom.)
katbotabbo (maae.)
kathetabbfi (fom.)
V oc a n
Apanoti— " x-emovos.”
imanteti— “ addresses.”
Arooeti — “ tells.”
Bhajeti— “ divides.”
Cintati— “ thinks.”
Li nr XXX.
(«)
Chaddoti— •“ gets rid of,’
14 discards. ”
Coreti — “ sfoals."
DaBseti— “shows.”
i Deseti— “expounds.”
74
SECOND I’ALI COURSE.
Gahoti— “ takes,"' •* holds."
Kappeti — “ makes."' - does,”
“enters upon.'" “estab-
lishes."
NHBoti — *• destroys.”
Oloketi - ' looks."
Pacoti — “drive*.”
Posoti ■ u sends."
Posoti — “ reai-s,” *' support*.”
Tajjoti— 1 14 frightens.”
Vanned — “ d&eribes.”
Vnficoti — “ deceives.”
Viideti-“ sounds," “ beats,"
lings " (used for musical
instruments and tlio liko).
Varoti — “ chocks."
E » Aya.
172. iV.B.— All verbal bases in e can be replaced by aya; or
in other words aya is always a substitute for e; ns—
noti or nayati— “ leads,’* “ brings.”
jeti or jayati— “ conquers," “ subdues."
katheti or kathayati — *• tells.”
apaneti or apanayati — “ removes.”
173. The verbs iu aya are conjugated like paca, “ to cook " ;
as. —
Present Tense — nay ami, nayasi, etc.
Aorisl— nayira, nayi, etc.
Future— nayiss&mi, nayissaai, etc.
Optative— nayoyyftmi, nayoyyaai, etc.
Imperstive— naynmi, nay&hi, etc
* Cieruud— nayitvA.
Infinitive— nayitum
Exercise XVI.
(a) Translate into English : —
1. So gilftno hutvA ajj* vatthum na sakka kathetuifa
na binci kaimnam kStuib. 2. Ime dve ittbiyo mama hnt-
the gahefcva raukham olokesum. 3. Ay»m puriso imassa
ranfio hatthim corefcvS amnne chaddesi. 4. Te imfi
SUCTION XXI.
75
bhoriyo vftdetvfl imsih itthirii tajjessanti. 5. Ime corft tat-
tlia gantva kenaci upftyena vAsarii kappesuih. 6. So ime
kfirap&ni flrocotva *‘kiih ointesT” ti pucchi. 7. Bkikkhu
dflvako liman totvfi dlmramaih desesi. 8. Saco imarfi dfira-
karti tassa mfitapitnro mama aantiko poseyyuih aliarii lath
poseyyiimi. 0. Tfl “ ainhehi imo nbho pnrise vancotutfi
xakkfi ” ti ointnyiihm. 10. Olokohi, tumho rafifio hat-
tliirii passissutha. 11. Rftjft amacco amantosi “ imarii
kiirunaih ointetvft sacoarfi kathehl ” ti. 12. Mayfi sad-
dliitfi pesohi ; almm imo maggaih duBsetvft pitu Bantikaiii
nessanti. 13. Anno rAja imaih raWhaih parfijessati. 14.
So sabbe mottSya jeti. 1 5. Ayarii ittlii “ marii ma tajjehi
ti alia. 10. Gopalo sabbo gone khettam pacessati. 17.
Olokohi idam karnmam imiua purisena katara. 18. Am-
liesu olokentosu sabbAni kammfini imAya itthiyi iraassa
sAlayam katani. 19. Tattha gantvS Pauditam pucchitvfi
me pitaram avocehi. 20. So mam tajjeti; tam putta
vfivehi.
Exercise XVII.
(b) Translate into Pfili: —
1. Can yon toll rao what the Papijit thought ? 2. The
robbors will steal tho goods of all these men and remove
thorn in tho evening. 3. Do not beat the drums., Tho
sound is very groat. 4. If I admonish him now, he will
get rid of all enmities. 5. I looked at him, but he did
not look at mo. G. Honour your aged parents and support
thorn. 7. It is not right for mo to deceive my friend
and steal his wealth. 8. Who will describe the glory and
magnificence of the king’s palace ? 9. They will remove
all the doors of this house and steal the property. 10.
Divide the treasure and give me two shares. 11. If any-
one should come, tell mo.- 12. He who is ray friend will
76
SECON'D 1‘Alil COURSE.
now snpport my young son. 13. By what raeaus did
thoy remove tho chains from both his hands ? 14. Let me
tell you. “He who steals my wealth will suffer death/'
15. Go, look at the palace of the king and describe its
magnificence. 16. Divide these goods and give me one
share. 17. Who rings tho bell and beats tho drums ? If
it is Rfima, check him. 18. They said, " Wc shall go and
look at all tho boats in the river.” 19. This man took tJio
spear, went near the minister, showed it to him and
frightened him saying, “ I shall kill you.” 20. If you
commit any evil deeds, I shall check yon.
SECTION XXII.
174. Cacsativb Verbs.
(Conjugated like the base kathe).
Causative Verbs are usually formed by e or pe ; as —
Pacemi or pacapemi, “ I cause to cook.’*
Miiromi or marapemi, “ I cause to die.” i.e. “ I kill.”
Note that the vowel preceding o or pe is long. In accord-
ance with the principle of article 173, the above forms become
, Pffcayffmi or pacapay&mi. “ I cause to cook.”
Mnrayumi or marftpayftmi, “ I cause to dio.”
175. Role.— C ausative verba may govern two accusatives.
Ahum bhattam dftrakam pftcossfimi (or pacfipossAmi ► “ I
shall make the boy cook the rice." . “ Instead of pacoas&mi or
pacapeflsAmi, the forms pScaylssSmi or paoApayissAmi may
also bo used.
176. Verbs like kathemi being already characterized by e,
take the pe augment to form the causative : as kathnpemi.
or kathApayami, “ I cause to tell."
SECTION XJUL
77
177. Verbs with the monosyllabic bases in e ms no and je
usually form the causativo from the augmented bases naya
and jaya ; as lT -
Nayapomi or nayftpayiimi— “ I cause to load."
Jay&pemi or jayfipayftmi— " T causo to conquer.’’
17h. Tho root dft, " to give,” gives the causative dilpomi, “ I
ciiubo to givo," po being added dircotly to tho root.
171). Tho root thiv, “ to romain," has for its causative thapomi,
*’ I causo to remain, '* i.o. *• I place,” with tho a short; hut wo
lmvo tho compounded form patitthfipomi — “ I establish.’’
180. Variations in form will bo hereafter fully explained.
Kor tho prosont two instances will suffice. The root bhuj,
“to Oat” and muo “to be free,” for example furnish the non-
causativc bases bhufija and munca by the hist consonants j
and c being augmented by their corresponding nasal fi, so we
get bhunjamx, “ 1 eat," and muncami, “ I am free ” ; but for
the causativo buses, we have also bhoje and moce, tho vowel
u of the root being lengthened or strengthened into o. So
we get —
bhojomi — “ 1 cause to eat,” i.e. •* I feed.”
mooemi — “ I cause to be free," i.e. “ 1 release.”
181. Tho causative forms may, however, bo also obtained from
bhuhja and mufioa ; as, bhunjapomi, muncilpomi.
M X I R 0 I 8 ■ XVII 1.
(o) Translate into English
1. Atmrii tumhe dukkhft *oa maranfi mocessftmi. 2.
So inarfa pfitarSsarh bhojosi. 3. Raj ft assa gflnmm dfl-
posi. 4. Te amhe fihfiratn bhufijupesurh. 5. Mayaifa purise
slhaih mAressama. 6. Mama pita bhikkbavo bhojotum
maih gacchSpeti. 7. DfisA pfiniyam aharfipentu. 8. Ajja
mam imftni bliantjfini dApohi. 9. Ko tumhe imasmirii
gfime vasapesi. 10. So tisso itthT saccam jfinapesi. 11.
78
SECOND PALI COCRSK.
Kooi no imam d&ribuh rukkham dassetvfi tassa phalaui
corSpesi. 12. Acariyo imiui potthaitiiii sisse sikkhapcs-
sati. Te attanehi ugL'anhitum mi sukkfi. •
(b) Translate into Pali : —
1. The king had the monks fed in tho hall. 2. Who
will make us learn these old books ? 3. Our friends make
us tell many stories. 4. We shall make him spoak tho
truth. 5. By what plan did ho make his friends docoivo
you and destroy your happiness I 6. It is not right for
us to make, tho boy steal the goods of others. 7. Another
mau made me get rid of the goods. 8. If she makes you
do these deeds, what will your teacher say ? 9. I shall act
as ray teacher makes me act- 10. The thieves divided
all the treasure, had a hole dug in the sand, and concealed
it. 11. Do not make yoar friends tell this circumstance
to all persons. 12. To which men did they have the gold
given ? can you poiut them out to me.
SECTION XXIII.
182. TlIS ROOT AS “TO UK."
Present Tense.
*
1.
8injular.
« asmi.
' arahi.
1.
Plural.
f as ua.
L amha.
2.
aai.
•
2.
uttha. •
8.
atthi.
3.
aanti.
183.
1 .
jisim.
Aoiist.
1.
asimha.
2.
a si.
2.
ftsittha.
3.
asi.
3.
f asum.
\ asimsu.
SECTION XXIII.
79
Note . — It is this aorist that is used with othor verbs, as iu
agamfisim ( = a + */gam + fisim) “I went,” adfisim = (a
+ dit + ilsirij), “ I gave.” In akftsim, r of the root is sup-
pressed.
184. Optative.
1.
assam.
1.
assfima.
assu.
2.
assathu.
8.
f ansa.
f H88U.
IsiyS.
•>•
Lsiyum.
185.
Imperative.
1.
asmi.
j.
aama.
2.
ahi.
2.
attha.
atthu.
8.
santu.
186.
Present Particinle— Santa and Samana.
N.B . — The conjugation is defective and only the above forms
are met with.
187. The initial vowels of the verb are very much affected by
sandhi as will be seen in Soction xxvii; as —
ko ’si = ko asi, “ Who art thou ? "
gato 'mhi = gato amhi, “ I am gone,” “ I have gone."
m’ ftai = mo + &si, “ It was mino.”
188. The third poison singular of the prrsont tense atthi is
often idiomatically UHod for tho plrnol • as—
puttfi mo atthi— *• I havo sons," lit. “ Sons is to me.’ 1
•SECOND PALI COURSE.
80
189 .
SUCTION XXIV.
INDECLINABLE WORDS.
(a) Adverbs.
VOOAB.ILAUY XXXI.
}-
there.'
Ajja — “ to-day.’* Kadi—" Wlion 'r "
Aparubbitgo — " subsequent- Kadici— “ sometimes.”
K.ham-1 „ whcroP „
Antara — " insido,” “ within.” KatthaJ
•Api ( =pi) — “even," i Katham — " how ? ”
“ though." "also.’' “ per- j Kim— 1 “ why ? ”
haps.” ! *Kho— “ indeed.”
Appeva perhaps.*’ I Kuhim— " where ? ”
Ativiy a— “ veiy.” j *Ma- “ not ” (prohibitive ).
# Atha— " then " moreover." Musa—" falsely.”
•Nama— " namely."
Naim—- so ? "
•No— “ not.”
NQna — " surely, " “most like-
ly-”
• Orato— “ on this side.”
Piram — “ beyond.” •
Pfito— " early in tho morn-
ing."
Pubbe
Pure
Puna—" again."
Punappunam— " repeat© d-
ly ” ; “ again and again.”
Hattim— ” at night.”
Sadi — “ always.”
Samanti — “ around."
Atra
Attha
Bahi— “ outside.”
Ciram— “ long."
Divi — “ by day."
Ettha— ” here.”
•Eva (= va)— "as,” "like”
" oven.”
Evam — “ thus.*’
Hotthft— " under.”
•Hi — " indeed.” “ on that ac-
count.”
Hiyyo- -yesterday”
Idini— " now.”
- Iti ( = ti)~ “ namely," *‘ so.”
Ito— “ hence.”
Idha — “ here."
| — ” formerly.’
SUCTION XXIV.
81
*Samm& — “ woll,” “ thorough.
l J-" . .
Sftyam — “ in the evening.”
Tad&— “ then.”
Tato— “ thence."
Tatra
Tattha
— “ there.”
Tathft — •' ho,” “ like that."
Tahim — “ thero.”
Titva T*'«o long”; “till
Tavatft } then” ; “ now."
Uparl—“ above."
Viya — “ like.’*'
Yato— " whence.”
Yova-ova or va; “an,”
“ like,” “ oven.”
190. Koto . — It will bo found that tlio yen., acc., in*., abl., and
loo. Hingalar of many words are used adverbially; an, cirassa,
'* for a long time," atthiiya, “ for tho pnrposo of," “on account
of " : rattim, “ at night," sukham. “ happily” ; vegona,
*' speedily " ; tasma. " therefore" : atite, “ long ago.” (lor. of
atito « ( ati + ito. “ gone.”)
Kxkrcisk X 1 X .
I jet the teacher give out sentences taken from the
“ first Pfili Course” for translation, introducing the ad-
verbs not marked by asterisks.
191. (6) Prepositions.
V OCAllULAUV XXXII.
Saha „ .... | Vinft— "without."
Saddhim J W * | Adhi — “above.”
N.B.— saha, saddhim, and vinft usually govern tho Instru-
mental case, while adhi takes tho locative ; ns tassn mfltarft
sahu, “ with his mother ” ; adhi rukkhe, “ abovo or over the
tree.” Adhi is gonornlly placod beforo the word it governs ;
the three others oithor before or after. Many advorbs, if used
to govern words, can be treated as propositions and may bo
oalled propositional adverbs, such for instance as those in Sec-
tion x, page 38.
SECOND PALI COURSE.
82
192. Gerundial Forms used Prepositionally.
There are some gerondial forms in ya which have come to lie
employed with the force of prepositions.
Vocabulary XXXIII.
Patthftya— “ starting from,” Nias&ya— “ depending upon.”
“from,” “since,” [with “ on account of,” “ throngh,"
a 61.]. [with ace.].
Arubbha ( «= a + */rabh + ya)— “ relating to,” “for.”
[with ace.].
Illustrations.
1. Adito patthaya, “ from the beginning."
2. Ito patthaya—' 4 hence," •* from here.”
3. Tam nissaya — “ through him."
4. Mam arabbha — " concerning me.”
•Vocabulary XXXIV.
193. (c) Interjections.
Alam— “ enough ! " “ that will I Bhano— 1 “ I say !" “to he
do!” i sure!” “sir.”
Vata — "ah! ” “oh ! "“surely!" Manfie— “I suppose!” “me-
Han<}a— " come ! ” “ well-a- thinks ! "
day!” Ambho-“look here!” “I
Je — "sir!” “your honour!” say!"
(respectful). Re ( = aro)— “I say man!"
8ftdhu— “well!" “good!” “you fellow” (usod dis-
respectfully).
Bharjo and manno are reflective verbs in tl»e first person singular
which have come to be used as interj-ctions.
194. (d) Special Vocatives as forms of address.
v
8KCTI0N XXV.
83
Vocakulary XXXV.
Amma — “mother,” “madam," Bho— “sir," “ madam.”
“ woman,” •"gill.” Bhanto “ reverend a i r, ”
Ayya •“ sir." •* your revoreuco,” “ lord.”
Ayyo 1 } — “ madain.” Dova*— “ lord," “your urn-
Avuso friend,” “brother” „
AyuHmii vonorablo sir.” D ° Vi “ »° u
f- u K>od ”ife," i08ty,, ‘
Bhudda
Bhnddo
0
morablo sit'." ' ™ “■
pood wife,"
my doar," Tftta — “ door,” “ beloved.”
good woman." Samma— "pood Kir,’’ “ friend.”
195.
SECTION XXV.
P R K f r X R 8 .
The principal prefixes used in Pali are the following : —
A (before a consonant)
An (before a vowel)
— not ; as, akato, • “ not done ” ;
anagato ( = an + agato,) “ not
come."
Abbi — excessively, intensely , in a superior way , over, towavls ; as,
abbijanati, “ knows well “ ; abhibhavati, “ ovorcomos " ;
abhimukho, “ facing."
Adhi — over, towards, to ; as, adhibhanati— “ speaks to," adhi-
gacchatl, “ goos towards ” ; adbicittam — “ high thought."
Anu —after ; as, anudhftvati, “ pursues ” ; anuoaro, “'atten-
dant.”
1 Tho forma ending in o indicato rcry roapootfal forma of tha
vocatire.
* Uand by monks of oqual standing to eaoh othor, or by n aapnrior
to an inforior monk.
* Dsod by janior monk* to Boniora.
* Used formorly in nddroaamg Huddha; subsequently in nddrenHing
euperior monks.
6 Used in addreaaing a king.
« Used in addreaaing a quoen.
84
8800ND I’ALl COORSK.
Anto — within ; as, antogharam, “ interior of the bouse."
Ati — beyond, exceeding ; as, atikkamati, “ goos beyond,”
“ transgresses" ; atisundaro, “ very beautiful.”
Apa ' “away,” “off”; as, avaharatl, “takes away”;
Ava j apagacohati, “ goes away.”
A—" towards,” “ to " ; as, ilgato, “ come ” ; RdRti, ** takes ” ;
ftpabbatam, '* towards the mountain.”
, , . r — owr, up ; as, uttarati, “ crossos ”
U (before a ce.,ee„a„t) _ / + ud8M , . 001)
Ud (before « vowel, ( np ,.. ..
Upa— " below," “ towards," “ after" ; as, uparflja, " viceroy ” ;
upadhRvati, “ runs aftor.”
Bahi — outside ; as, bahinugnram, “ outside the towu."
Du — bail, difficult, n*, dujjlvitam, “hard life”; dujjano, “ n
bad man ” : dukkuro- difficult to do.”
Ni or nir (boforo avowol) — out, away , towards (expressing cessa-
tion. freedom, separation , intensity, augmentation) ; as,
nigacohatl, “ goos out " ; nibbftyati, “ consos to oxisfc ” ;
ninnftdo, “great noiBo”; nippauno — “unwise”; nirfi-
suko — “ freo from dosiro."
NI — out (expressing removal by extraction or i-xpulsion) : ns,
nlharatl, “ draws out."
O = ava ; as, otarati, “ descends," “ botakes to."
Pa —off, towards (expressing origination, forward direction aud
intensity ) ; as, pakkamati, “ starts,” “ sets out ” ; pamufi-
cati, “ omits ” ; pamnjjati, “ delays.”
Pftra —beyond; as, paragangaxb, “ beyond the Ganges.”
Pari — about, around, completely ; as, parigaphfiti, “surrounds,”
“ embraces ” ; parijRnfiti, “ knows well.”
Pati ( = pati ) — against , opposite, in return ; as, patikkhipati,
“ opposes ” ; patikaroti, “ repairs" ; patipiioohati, “ asks
in return ” ; patisamo, “ cqnal ” ; patirQpako, “ reaeni-
P ; bling.”
Sam — with, completely, well; as, samharati, “ collects ” ; sam-
passati, “sees clearly”; safikhato ( = sam + khato).
SUCTION XXVI.
85
“ put together ” ; safijftnfiti ( = sam + jslnati), ** knows
well,” “ discerns."
Su — well, good!, easy : as, sujato, *' well-born " ; sukaro, *• easy
to do."
Vi — away, different, out, excessively, intensely ; as, vinoti, " re-
moves " ; vidisa, 44 diroction away " ; vihethoti— “ annoys
much,” “harasses”; vimutti, “ reloaso " ; viravati,
*• slimits."
SHOT I ON XXVI.
190. Shrinks.
Tho following arc somo useful suffixes : —
Aham 41 day ” ; as, okfiham, 44 one day ” ; aattaham, 44 one
week " ; dvlham, 44 two days."
Attain - stale ; as gatattam, 44 tho stato or fact of having
gone " ; biilattum, 44 tho stato of being a child," 44 childhood."
Adi -"etcetera”; as, phalapupphftdlni, 44 fruits, flowers,
oto. " ; dfirakodfirikildayo, 44 boys, girls and others."
Bh&va — state ; as, paoitabhftvo, "stato of having boon
cooked " ; slhabhiivo, 44 state of boing a lion."
Dft “1 — time ; as, tada, 44 then ” ; okada— 44 once " ; id&ni,
DfiniJ 44 now.”
Dhft — division ; as, dvidha, * 4 in two."
Di— like ; as tadi, 44 like that," 44 such."
Disa -like; mftdiso, 44 like mo " ; tumhadiso, 44 like you."
■Ryyii— deserving, fit fur ; as. pabbateyya, 44 fit for a moun-
tain."
Qa . —going ; as, batthago, 44 coming into the hand ” ;
[ atigo, 44 going boyond"; paragO, 44 gono across,’
) 44 accomplished."
Ika — belonging to ; as, kalika, 44 belonging to time," 44 season-
able " ; dvariko — 44 door-keeper ” ; naviko- 44 sailor."
Ja — arising from, being born : as, andajo, 44 produced from
an egg."
86
SECOND PALI CODK.SK.
Ji — cinque sing ; as, M&raji, “ conquering Mam.’
Ka — agent ; as, d&yako, “ benefactor.”
Kftra— making ; as. bhattakftro, “cook” (lit. “ food-
maker.”)
Khattura — innUipliraticr : a*, tikkhattum, “ thrice."
Maya — made of ; us, dftrumaya, “ mado of wood.”
Muttiuh — "vurniy'' *• to the tAsumsd of" : a*. okamattam,
“ merely one." “ to tbo amount of ono."
Mft — “ possessing ” ; jik. khantima, possessing pntionoc.”
Manta — “ pcssessiruj ” ; as. khantimanto, “ patient."
Niya— fitness ; as, pacaniyo. “ tit to be cooked.”
Niya— worthy : as, ramaniyo, “ worthy to delight."
Nam — participial neuter nouns : as. dasaanam, “ showing " :
“appearance."
NS — participial feminine abstract nouns ; as, desana, “ in-
struction,” “showing sevana. “ service," “following.”
Sadisa— like ; as, suvannasadiso. “ like gold."
Tama — superlative (with loc.) as. manussesu papatamo,
“ most wicked among men.”
Tara — comparative (with abl.) : may?, papataro, “more
wicked than I.”
T& — feminine abstract ; as. b&latfi, “ folly."
Yam — neuter abstract ; as, bfilyam ( = bala + yam), “folly
paijdiccam ( = pa$dita + yam )—“ scholarship," “learning.”
[When ta is followed by ya, the two combino into co],
V&— possessing ; as, guijavA. “ virtnons"; bhagavS— “ pos-
sessed of majesty,” “ worshipful."
Vanta — possessing ; as, ganavanta. “ possessing virtue,"
bhagavanta, “ majestic.” “ worshipfnl.'’
I
SECTION XXVII.
87
SECTION XXVII.
197. Sandhi.
*
or
Vowki, AND Consonantal Union.
Thu union of a vowel with a vowel, a vowol with a ooiiho-
n ant, and in with a vowol or consonant is termod sandui, a
l’fili word signifying “ union." Sandhi may therefore be d is- .
tinguished ns fl) Vowel, (2) as Mixed Sandhi.
198. I. Vowel Sandhi.
Vowol sandhi is the union of two vowels, one being at the
end of one word and the other at the beginning of the next.
The general rule is that one of the vowels has to be elided or
the two together havo to be differently represented. The
following examples will show tho nature of the changes that
may take place : —
1. na ahosi = nahosi, “ was not.”
2. oa api = capi, “ and though.”
3. na atthi = n’ atthi, “ is not.”
4. atha asea = atha 'ssa, “ then his.”
5. ca &daya = o’ ad&ya, “ and having taken.”
6. atha oko =s ath’ eko, “ then one."
7. tathft eva — tath* ova, “ even so."
8. okona up&yona, = okon’ up¥a, “ by one plan."
9. id&ni ossa a idani ’sea, “ now his."
10. pi oto = p' oto, " though thoy."
11. ko asi » ko ’si, “ who art thou P "
12. yo idha = yo ’dha, " who hero."
13. taco aham = sacilham. or eao’ ahum, “ if I."
14. so aham = svftham, " he I." “ I myself."
199. Obsrrvatiokb.
(a) Tho vowel a before a double consonant is written short as
in ex. 3. but when a and a meet and no double consonant
KKCOXD PA 1. 1 COUKSK.
88
comes nfter the latter, the combination becomes & ; ns in
ex. 1. Also a + ft = ft, ft + a = S, and ft + ft = ft.
(h) The vowol e, coming after, and o, going before, are gene-
rally retained ; as in «m. G and 11.
( c) When i i* followed by a, a is olidod ; as in 9.
(d) When a is followed by u, a is elided : ns in 8.
(«) In ex. 13 e + a - ft. Tlio loss of e is made up by length-
ening a.
(/) Tn ox. 14 we see the vowel o followed by a becoming v.
The loss of tlio long vowel o causes tlio lengthening of
a. Similarly, ti eva = tveva, “ oven thus ” ; kho ussu
= khvaaaa, “ indeed to him." The vowel a b<-iug
before the double consonant 88 is not lengthened, having
naturally a heavy or lengthened sound. Notice also the
following combinations : —
te atthu = tyatthu, “ let be to thee.”
me aham = myaham, “ to me I."
te aham = tyaham, “ to thee I.”
200. Iti and adhi.
When iti is followed by e, ti of iti with e becomes cce ami
the combination icce ; as—
iti etam = iccetam, “ thus this."
So, pati + ftgami = paccagami. “ came back."
If adhi is followed by a, dhi of adhi with a becomes jjha
and tbo combination ajjha ; as —
adht agamft = ajjhagamfi, “ho went towards.'’
So, adhi ftvasati = ajjhft vasati, “ dwells iu or on ” ;
adhi oharati =* ajjhorati, “ swallows." “ lakes
down." ’
201. D and Dh followed by ya.
When forming verbal bases by adding ya to a root, d + ya
= jja and dh + ya = jjha ; as, »/ Yfd, “ exists ” + ya = vijja.
The usual verbal terminations can then be added to these
SECTION XXVII.
89
l>asos. v/pad, “ to happen " + ya <* pajja ; v/bidh, “ to pros-
per ” + ya t= sijjha ; v/budh, “ to know ’’ + ya = bujjhn.
(lOKHOKA KTAI, llIHlUTIOKH.
202. [ D, M, V, Y, R. ]
Somotimo* a consonant is inserted Itatwocn two vowuIn for
the sake of euphony : iw —
D l t&va ovu = tilva dova, - oven thou," “oven now."
‘ | kooi ova = koci dova, “ oven any ono."
fidha agato = idhn mitgato, “arrived hero.”
,« osa ftha = osa mSha, “ ho said.”
; anna nfifia - annamanna, “other other," i.o.
I, “ each other.”
V. so utthSti = so vutthati, ‘ k lie rises."
c na ova = na yeva, “even not."
Y ‘ j na idam = na yidam, “ not this.”
r puna ova = punureva, “ even again."
R ( dhi atthu = dhiratthu, “ let shame be."
Other consonants viz. N, T, L, are also used ns euphonic
insertions.
II. Mixr.ii Sandhi.
Mixed sandhi denotes the union of a vowel with a consonant
or of m with a vowol or consonant.
(a) A vowol with a consonant.
(u) In this case fcbo cousonaut may bo doublod ; as—
ni gato =s niggato, “ gono out."
( b ) If the consonant bo an aspirato. its non-nspiinto form is
used in reduplication ; as —
ni khipati = nikkhipati.
du bhago = dubbhago, “ unfortunate."
(al
(b)
(r)
('*)
(")
2u:{.
204.
8*C0Jfl> PiU OllOllB.
P(»
(r) When v in reduplicated vv becomes bb ; as —
du vaco = dubbaco, “ obstinate."'
ni vftnam = nibbfinara, “ going out,'’ “ extinction."
(6) >;m followed by a vowel.
(«/) Wlion m is followed by a word beginning with a vowel
it turns into m ; as—
ovam aha « ovamaha. “he said so/’
aham ova - ahamova. “ even I.”
(e) m followed by yeva.
20."). When m is followed by yeva, m with y become fin • at-
tain ova = tafifieva, “ even him.”
tasmim yeva = tasmififieva. “ even in that.’’
sam yutto = safifiutto, “ joined together.”
20G. (d) m followed by h.
When m is followed by h, m with h may become fih ; as—
evam hi = evafihi, 4 thus indeed.”
207. (e) m followed by a consonant.
When m is followed by a consonant in the five- division lettci*
it changes to the nasal lct'er corresponding to that consonant.
If the consonant happens to l>e a nasal itself, it becomes doubled.
Kxampi.ks.
' ^ ovam kho «■ evaftkho, ” thus indoed.”
1 * * n j sam gaho = aaftgaho, “taking together."
f sam thSpoti a sapthapeti, “ places well.'"
3 ‘ \ sam thfinam - saijttafinam, “ good position.”
. i aham oa = abafica, “ and L”
3 ' ' n * { saccam ca = saccafica, “and truth."
fkim nu = kinnu. “ why?**
[ abam tam * ahantam, “ I him."
n 1 kim ti = kinti. “ namely what.”
' dukkham to = dukkhan te, “thy suffering.’*
4.
SECTION XXVIII.
!)L
6 (m) ' ta ”* P * *" tampi ’ “ ‘k ftfc also."
' l puriaam pi = purisampi, “ the man also."
*
206. (/) m dropped before a consonant.
Sometimes m of tho gen. and dat., of tho loc. t and of the inf.
mood, is dropped before n consonant; as,
BuddhftnaaasanamtaBuddhfinam ailsanam, "the
mandate of the Buddhas. "
taamisaro - tasmim saro, " in that lake."
datukamo = datura kftmo, “ desirons to give."
SECTION XXVIII.
209. TUK DSK OK I’ARTICLKS, ETC. AS EXW.BTIVBS AK1»
1NTENSITIVRS.
(а) Atha — ** and,” moreover ; ” as —
(1 ) Puriso kammam akasi ; atha so maya saddhim aga-
mfi8i— "Tho man did the work; ho then wont with
me.”
(2) Ath’ eko naro— " then oue man."
(б) Yova {^ — " ° “ VOry " €< i u,t » M “ on] y " ***—
(1) Aham ova (=> aham ova) agamfisi — “oven I wont."
(2) Etth’ ova ( ■» ettha ova) mari— “ ho diod jnat horo.”
(3) So gantvft’va («= gantvfi ova) pati — "just on going
he fell."
(4) Imosmim kfilo yova— " at this very time."
(5) Na idan’ ova— "not only now.”
210. Note. — The form va without the elision of e may be
mot with in texts.
SKCOSD PALI CUUJCSJC.
92
221. (c) Api (« pi) — “»] ho" “though," “awn," "per-
haps"; a> —
(1) Mata pi tam datum na sakkoti — “ rvrti the mother is
not ablo to give it."
(2) Pubbo pi— “ formerly also.'
(3) Junanto pi na ftroceti— ** though knowing, ho dors
not tell."
(4) Api tumho mam janatha — " perhaps you know mo."
(5 ) Evam sante pi — " oven it being so," " although it is so."
212. (d) Hi—" for," " indeed, " “ then " : uk—
(1) So hi balo hot! — " for he is a fool," or " he indeed is
a fool.”
(2) Tena hi ovadam sunatha— tlien on tlml ncconnt
hear the exhortation."
(3) Ko hi nama so — ,l who indeed is he r ’’
213. (e) Kho — “ indeed ” ; as —
(1) Sa kho mama bhagini hoti— “ she indeed is my
sister."
(2) Na kho tam papam karohi—" do not indeed commit
that evil."
(3) Evan kho ( = evam kho) — "indeed thus."
214. (J) Nama — “ namely.” “ by name." M track ."it may
be said " ; ns,
(1) Brahmadatto nama rftja ahosi— “ Tbo king wu* by
namo Brahmadatta."
(2) Evam nama karohi— " do such and such." “ do so,"
lit. * do namely thus.”
(8) Ko nama so— " whoia he?"
(4) Appova nama so tumhakam sahayo — " Perhaps ho
is yoor friend," lit. " Perhaps it may said ho is your friend,"
or " He your friend perhaps may be called."
Note . — All the above particles are sometimes so used that
thoy cannot bo translated, although the impression they convey
as intensities or expletives may be apparent.
SECTION XXIX.
93
SECTION XXIX.
' Compound Words.
21*3. Compound words in Pali may bo put into four general
oliwKos—
I. Apposition al.
IT. Adjectival, subdivided into—
(a) Simplo—
1. Qualitative oi* Attribntive.
2. Participial.
( b ) Cnse-dcpoudent.
(c) Numeral.
{d) Mixed.
III. Collective.
IV. Adverbial.
Note.— In forming compound words. the inflections of all
words except the last are dropped, i.e., the base or short voca-
tive form is used except in the last word. Vowels nay com-
bine according to Sandhi rules; as, gama + anta = gamanta,
" end of tho village."
210. I. Appositional : —
1. Bratamadattarftjft — “ tho king Brahmadatta.”
2. Rftdhasahfiyo — “ tho fi iond namod Rftdhft.’’
3. Vidoharattham— •" tho kingdom Vidolia.”
217. If. Adjectival
XfICtf.K,
( a ) Simple.
fPapditapuriso — “ a clover man.
I Madhuraphalam — “ sweet fruit."
J GatahatthI— “ tho elephant that has
| gone.” .
I Gaochantapuri80 — “ the man who ia
L going."
SECO.VO Pi LI COCBSK.
i>4
( Manuasagharam — “ house of or for
a man.”
( b ) Case-dependent. ^ Corabhayam— " fear Jrom a thief."
J Hajaputto— “son of tho king."
t Punsakato— “ done by the man."
fl. tilokam — “ threo worlds" (a
j tayft lok&j.
(c) Numeral. 1 2 . pancaallam- 4 * five piocopt* ”
L (s=panca sllfini).
Note. — The numeral compound, it will be notioed, takes the
form of a neuter in m.
f J. Dalhagahitasigalo— “ the jackal
which was firmly held " [ =
J dalham (odo.j + gahita (p.p.p.)
+ sigSlo].
(d) Mixed. {
2. Corachinnahatthapuri 80 — “ a
man ichote hand has been cut by
a thief," lit. “ thief-cut-hand
man."
fl. Hatthiaasam " horse and olo-
phant ( = hatthi ca-tasao oa).
j 2. Devamanuasfi — “ gods and men ”
218. 111. Collective. ( = dovii ca + manussfi ca).
I 3. Sftriputtamogg illhnH — S&ri-
putto and Moggallfinfi ( =8ftri-
1. putto ca-t Moggallfino ca).
Note. — If nouns of different genders are joined, tho raasc. by
preference is put last; as, dasl oa da so ca = dasIdftBam,
•“ slavewoman and slave." The neuter fonn in m is usually
employed when the nouns joined are to be viewed as separate;
the pL masc. form in a when the nouns are viewed in com-
bination. The rule is not a fixed one.
SECTION XXIX.
95
*219. IV. Advtnjbial.
1. Upanagaram— “ near the town.”
2. Yilvajlvam— ” as long as life
lasts.”
j 3. Yath&balum — “ according to
^ oue’s strength
Nute .-~ Advorbial compounds generally take the form of the
singular accusative in m. The abl. form is optionally used at
t.imos ; as yathftrucim or yathilruoiyft, “ at will,” “ as one
likes ” ; kinikurapfi, “ for what reason P”
E x b a c i a « XX.
(a) Resolve the following compound words, .stating to
what class each belongs : —
1. Candasuriyfi. 2. Pacfimittadoso. 3. Dutavacanarij.
4. ItthisanuSya. 5. PitaputtS. 6. Mahapuriso. 7.
Buddhasfisanam. 8. Catusaccaih. 9. Luddapaharitasa-
kuno. 10 Itthikatakammam. 11. Yathfisukham. 12.
Madhurambo. 13. Solasuvassam. 14. Paragangam. 15.
Rfijapesitadutassa. 16. Pacitnbhattam. 17. Catuddisa.
18. BSrfinasinagaraib. 19. Ki]antadSrakS. 20. Vaddha-
kichinnarukkho.
(b) Form into compounds : —
1. Tho boy’s father. 2. The rivor Ganges. 3. Jland
and foot. 4. Two lives. 5. According to deed. 6. Tho
deed done by Rfima. 7. Eight pointa of tho compass. 8.
Tho friend who is eating. 9. The king’s liappinoss. 10.
Honey and fire-wood. 11. All the elephants. 12. Tho
king seated in a chariot. 13. A long board. 14. Accord-
ing to the law. 15. A lion and a lioness. 16. The lion
killed in the wood 17. Fear of death. 18. King Death.
19. The thieves brought by the minister. 20. A father’s
word. 21. Happiness and suffering.
f6
SECOND l‘Al.r COORSK.
.Some Uskpdi, Phrases.
220. (yl) The following phrases recur very frequently: —
C
(a ) Vasam kappeti — “resides ” ; lit. “ establishes dwelling."
(b) Bajjam kareti — “rules”; lit. “ causes the rule to be
done.” Bajjam kSresi, “ ruled ” ; rajjam karente,
“ while ruling.”
(c) Kalam karoti - “ dies ’’ ; lit. “does time.” Kalam akasi,
“ died ” ; kftlam katva or kalahkatva, “ having died.”
(•?) Etad ahosi — “ thinks thus,” lit. “ this was " [ = Ota,
base of osa, “ this ” + d ( euphonic ) + ahosi]. Tassa
otad ahosi, “ he thought thus,” lit. “ this was to liim.”
(e) Evam sante — it being so.” [Sant© loc. 'tbs. of santo
“ being.”
221. (7J) Cognate Porms, that is forms in which the noun and
verbs express a similar idea, are often found ; as—
(a) Bavam ravati— “ cries ” ; lit. “ cries a cry.”
(b) Vassitam vassati — “ shouts” ; lit. “ shouts a shout.”
(c) Kasim kasati— “ ploughs ” ; lit. “ ploughs ploughing.”
( d ) Gulikilam kilati — “ plays at ball ’’ ; lit. “ plays ball play.”
Noth on the Passive Voice.
222. The Passive base to which the usual personal termina-
tions of the different moods and tenses m«y be added,
** is formed by the sign ya, either (a) preceded or (6)
not preceded by the connecting vowel i ; as,
(а) v'Pac “to coo*” + i + ya + ti = paciyati, “is
cooked.” •
v'kar, to do ” + i + ya + ti = kariyati, “ is done.”
v/kath, “ to speak ” + i + ya + ti = kathiyati, “ is
v spoken.” • ‘ • .
(б) v / ' bQ > “ to hear ” + ya + ti = stlyati, “ is hoard.”
*/ni p “ to lead " + ya + ti = nlyati, “ is le<L”
*/ji, “ to conquer " 4* ya + ti — jiyati, “ is conquered.” .
TUB PASSIVK VOICE.
97
pa + v'fia, “ to knotc " + ya + ti = pannftyati, “ is
known.”
*
223. The ya may be assimilated to the previous consonant ; as,
v'muc, “ to free ” + ya + ti = muccati, “ is freed.”
*/ban, “to strike" + ya + ti = hanfiati, “ is strnck.”
224. Hoots in <1 and dh clian go accoi'ding to the principle of
art. 202 of Sandhi ; as,
v'bhid, ‘*to break ” + ya + ti = bhijjati, “ is broken."
v'khad, “ to eat" + ya + ti = kbajjati, “ is eaten.”
v^budh, “ to know ” + ya + ti = bujjhati, “ is known.”
v/badh, “ to He " + ya + ti = bajjhati, “ is tied."
225. Some variations from the usual form maj* be met with
as,
■v/vab, " to carry'' + ya + ti vuyhati, “ is carried.”
*/vac, “ to say ” + ya + ti = vuccati, “ is said.”
X.H . — The Pus si re bare in the above examples are the forms
without ti : as, paciya, kariya, etc. They can be con-
jugated in the usual way.
KXPI.AXATION OK A SHORT TgXT.
A Sandy Journey.
(1) Atite Kasiratthe Bfir&nasiyam Brabmadatt© rajj-
am karente Bodhisatto Satthavabakule nibbattitva va^ap-
patto panoahi sakatasatehi vaijijjam karonto vicarati.
Atite], “ Long ago,” advl loc. of atlto = ati, prefix of excess
+ ito, p.p.p. of */*» “ to go ” ; i of ati followed by i of
ito, combine into i.
KSsiratthe]. “ In the Kaei kingdom,” “ in the kingdom of
the Easi people,” loc. s. of the oppositional compound
Kamrattham = Kasi + rattham.
Biiraiiasiyam]. “In Benares,” loc. of BaranasI (/.),
“ Benares.” The town was so named after.the small
7
98
SBCOXD Pill COURSE.
rivers Varaija and Asi, at the confluence of which, near
the Ganges, it formerly stood.
Brahmadatto]. Loc. absolute of Brahmadatto, a king’s nanio
used with tho participle k&rente.
Rajjam]. “ Rule," ace. t. next, govorned by kftrento. y/raj
+ suffix yam = rajjam.
Kiironte]. Present part., loc. *. ab*. of kftroti, “ does,”
“causes to do.” Brahmadatto rajjam knrente (Luc.
abs. construction) — “ while Brahmadatta was ruling,”
lit. “ Brahmadatta doing rule ” See art. 126.
Bodhisatto]. “ The Bodhisst,” i.e. “ one who is destined to In«
a Buddha,” non*, to nibbattitva and vicarati. Bodhi
(/.), “ supernatural knowledge,” “ tho knowledge smrli
as is possessed by a Buddha.” Satto. “ being.”
Satthavahakule]. “ In the family of a caravan chief,” lit. “ in
the family of one conveying a caravan,” loc. s. of the
case-dependent compound satthavahakulam = sattha
( m . ), “caravan” + vaha (m.), “leader” + kulam,
“ family,” “ a good or noble family.”
Nabbattitvft]. ger. of nibbattati, M springs np," “ arises,”
“ is born,” having for it* subject Bodhisatto aud con-
neoted with vicarati.
Vayappatto]. “Come of age," lit “reached age” =* vaya
“nge " + patto, p.pp. of p&pugfiti, “attains.” Patto
is mado op of the prefix pa + */&P» “ h> got ” + to
sign of the p.p.p . ; p of the root changes to t in virtue
of t of to. The gerund hutvft, “ loing ” may be taken
as undemtood with vayappatto. Vayappatto hutvft.
" having attained to age.” lit “ being arrived at age.”
The compound is a ase-dependent one as it is equal to
vayam (acc.) patto.
Pancahi]. “By meant of five,” “with five,” ins. or abl. of
panes, qualifying sakatasatehi.
A SAN DV JOORNKV.
99
Sakatasatohi]. '■ By or with a hundred carts," ins. or abl of
the numeral compound sakatasatam, “ 100 carts ” —
aakata^n.), ‘‘cart’’ + aatajfa, "100."
Vapijjam]. “ Trade,” “ merchandise," aco. *. of vanijja (/.),
" trade, " governed hy karonto.
Karonto]. “ Doing," “ carrying on," pres. part, of karoti,
" does," describing Bodhisatto.
Vicurati]. “ Goo* about," pr«$.,ind. 3rd p. s. agreeing with
Bodhisatto.
TicANSLATION. — hojig ngo, wliilo BrahniHdatta was ruling in
Boiiurcs in fclio Kosi kingdom, the Bodhisat was boru in the
family of a caravan leader and, on having como to age, went
about with 500 corts, carrying on trade.
(ii; So ekada marukantaram patipajji. Tasmim kan-
tare sukhumavalika mutthina gahitS hatthe na titthati.
Sa suriy* uggamanato patthaya angararasi viya urjha
hoti. Na sakka akkamitum.
So]. “ He,” personal pronoun , 3rd p. s., having for its antece-
dent Bodhisatto, nom. to patipajji.
Ekadft]. “ Once," “ at one time,” adv. = oka, “ one " + da,
adverbial suffix of time.
Marukantfiram], “ Sandy wilderness,” a compound attributive
noun t. acc. governed by patipajji = maru (m.), “ sandy
desert ” + kantfiram, acc. of kantftro, “ wildernoss."
Patipajji]. “ Entered upon," 3rd 8. aor. of patipajjati=pati,
prefix, “ upon," " towards ” + */pad + ya (a suffix
somotimos added to roots to form the transitive or in-
transitive verbal baso) + ti.
Tasmim]. “ In that,” loo. a. m asc. of bo, qualifying kantftro.
Kantare]. “ In wilderness, " loc. s. of kantaro.
Sukhumavalika]. “ The fine sand^/em. attributive compound ,
nom. to titthati = sukhuma, “fine" + valikft, (/.)
“ sand."
100
SKCOXD PALI COURSE.
Mutthinft]. “ By the fiat,” “ by the hand," intt. t. of mutthi
(m.), •‘hand," « fist."
Gahitfi], “ Held,” “caught," fern. p.p.p . qualifying v&likfi.
NaJ. “ Not," adverb, modifying titthati.
TitthatiJ. ** Remaina." Tittha is the reduplicated or aug-
mented base of the */thft.
Buriy’ uggamunato]. “ From the rising of the sun " =
Biiriya (*».), ** sun " + uggamanato, atl. *. of ugga-
mnnam, participial noun, “ rising " = u 4 gama ■+
nam. After u, g is reduplicated ; nara, suilix, forming
participial nouns declined like gharam ; to, as a Nign
of the abl.. is very often used instead of sma.
Patthaya]. “ Starting from," “ beginning from,” “ from,"
ger. of patthati, “ starts," “ goes off " = pa +
“ to stand ” + ti ; pa (prefix), “ off,” “ towards " ; th is
reduplicated by its non-aspirate t after pa. See art. 193.
Ai?g§rar!isi]. “A heap of embers,” mate. cate-dependent com-
pound, 3rd s. uom. dependent on viya = angara (m.),
“ embers " + raai (m.), “ heap.”
Viya]. “ Like.” Viya takes the nom. case with it.
Uflhii]. “ Hot," fern. adj. qualifying v&lika ( umleritood ).
HotiJ. “ Is." 3rd pert. t. pres, of */hd, “ to be.”
Na]. " Not,” adverb modifying sakkfi.
Sakkii]. “Able," ** possible," an uninflected word governing
tbo in /. A word such as manuaaeht is understood. “ It
was impossible for men to go over it." See art. 42 ( b ).
AtikkamitumJ. " To stop on," “ to go over,” inf. of atikka-
mati, “ steps on," See. * ati 4 kamati ( = gamati). The
pre6x ati expresses “over," “beyond.” The form ka-
mati is never used by itself ; k is reduplicated after ati.
There are three similar roots in Pfili for “to go,” viz.
karu, gam, and kham. The latter is found in nikkha-
mati, “ departs.”
A SANDY JOOKKKY.
101
Translation.— O ne timo be entered a sandy wilderness. The
sand in that wilderness, on being bold in the band, would
not remain (lit. ‘does not rorauin’V From sunrise, it was
( lit “ is ”) hot like n heap of embers. It was impossible to go
over it
(3) Tasmft tam pa^ipajjantil chftyAya niainnA divasarh
khopotvA atthahgato suriyo sftyamflsam bhufijitvA bhtlmlyit
sltalftya jfttAya saka^uni yojotvA gacohantl;
TaamA]. “ Therefore," °f K0 -
Tam]. “ It,” pron., f V‘ut. t 3rd *. arc., having for its antecedent
kantAram.
Patipajjanta). .*• Those entering it,” “ those going on it,”
pres, part., 3rd pers., pi., mate., of patipajjati. The
partici pie itself is hoie used substantively instead of
patipajjanta purisA.
Chayaya]. “In the shade,” lor. s. of chAya (/.),“ shade,”
dependent on nisinna.
NisinnA (hutva). “ Being seated," p.pp-y of nisldati, “ sits,’
in asc. pi, nom. case referring to patipajjanta. Verbs
with roots in d often form the p.p.p . by means of nn.
DivasamJ. “ Day,” ocr. s. of divaso (m.), “ day," governed by
khepetvA.
Khopotvii]. “ Having passed,” “ passing," yer. of khopeti,
“passes," “causes to spond,” having for its subject
patipajjantA and connected with the finite verb^gac-
chanti ; yhhip.
Atthniignto]. “ Having disappeared," “ gone out of sight,”
“having set," a compound phrase = attham, acc. *. of
attha (n.), “ disappearance " + gato, loc. abs., t., of gato
p.p.p. of */gam, “ to go.”
8uriye] “ sun,” loc. abs., s., of suriyo (mi.), “sun.” Atthab-
gate suriyo— “ when tho sun sot.” Seo art. 126.
Say am A sum], “Dinner,” “ evening'mear = 8Aya, (m.) "even-
ing ” + m ( euphonic ) + A so from Asa (/.), “desire”;
lit. “the evening's desire" ; acc. s. governed by bhnnjitvA
102
SECOND PAT.I COURSE.
Bhunjitva], “Having eaton,” “ ger. of bhufijati connecting
gacchanti with patipajjanta. Bhufijati is one of those
verbs that forms its base (here bhufija) by first aug-
menting the last consouant of the root by its correspond-
ing nasal letter before adding a ; ns ^/bhuj — base
bhufij + a = bhufija.
Bhflmiya]. “The ground,*' loc. s. nl*. of bhumi {/.). “ the
ground. "
SItal&ya]. “ Cool," fern, udj., qualifying bhfimiya.
Jat&ya]. “ Become,’’ loc. s. ubs. fem. of jato, p.p.p. of jayati,
“ becomes,” used with bhQmiyft. Bhfimiya sitalaya,
jataya — “When the ground became cool.” v/j5, “to
be born,” “ to beget,” “ to become.”
Sakatani]. “ Carts,” arc. pi., of sakatam (».\ “cart," gov-
erned by yojetva.
YojetvS,]. “ Having yoked,” ger. of yojeti, “ yokes.” */yuj.
Gacchanti]. “ Go,” 3rd pers. pi., pres., of gacchati, “ goes,”
agreeing with its nun. patipajjanta. Gacchanti is the
historic present tense for gacchimsu. “ went,” */gach +
ya = basc, gaccha.
Translation. — Therefore those entering it passed the day
seated in the shade and, when the son set, cooked their evening
meal, and, on the ground becoming cool, yoked the carts and
went on.
(4-) Samuddagamanasadisam eva gamanam hoti. Thala-
niyamako nama tarakasafifiaya sattham tareti.
Samuddagamanasadisam eva] = Samuddagamanasadisam
ova, since m followed by a vowel becomes m [art.204(d)]
Samuddagamanasadisam]. “ Like going on the ocean," “ like
an ocean journey” - samudda (m.), “ocean” + gam ana
(pout. part, noun), “ going,” “journey ” + sadisam, neut.
. -of sadisa, “ like.” The whole compound, which is a
•• mixed one, being participial and case- dependent, is in
: the neuter nom. qualifying gamanam and used pre-
dicatively with hoti.
I'ROSODY.
103
Eva]- “ Even,” iutentUioe ado. modifying samuddagamanasa-
disam.
Gamanam]. *' Going,” “ jouimey,” neut . part, noun., nom. to
boti.
HotiJ. “ Is,” 3rd pers. s. pres, of “ <o be,” agreeing with
its subject gamanam.
Thalaniyamako]. “ Land guide,” “ land pilot,” a case-depen-
dent compound noun, 3rd pers. nom. to tnreti = thala
(m.), “ground.” “ land” + niyamako, “guide.”
Nama]. “ Namely," expletive used with thalaniyamako.
TSrakasannaya]. “ By star sign,” “ by indication of the
stars ” = taraka base of taraka (/.) “star” + san5aya,
ins. s. of safifiS (/.), “sigic.” The compound is case-de-
pendent = taraksihi sannSya. “by indication by means
of stars.”
Sattham]. “Caravan,” “a body of merchants travelling
together,” acc. s. of sattho, “ caravan,” governed by
tareti.
TSreti]. “Causes to cross,” “ takes across,” “transports,”
3rd s. historical pres', causative of tarati, “crosses," agree-
ing with its nom. thalaniy&mako. Its second acc. is
kantaram (understood).
Translation.— T he journey was just like an ocean journey.
A land pilot took (lit. * takes ’) the caravan acrotSi (the
wilderness) by his knowledge of the stars (lit. ‘by star
intimation ’).
PROSODY.
There are various kinds of measures in Pali poetry. Oue
that is extensively found is the Yatta measure. In order to
understand how it is used, the following observations about
short and long vowels should be noted.
104
SBCOVD PALI COURSE.
Short ajti* Long Vowels.
fa) The short vowels are a, i, u.
(&) The long vowels are ft, i, u, e, o. *
(c) A long vowel is twice the quantity or length of a
short vowel.
(d) The vowol before in is long. Accordingly in the word
gharam, tho syllable ram is long.
(«) Tho vowol before a double consonant is long iis in
the word rukkham. Here tho syllable ruk must be considered
long.
(/) A short vowel or syllablo is denoted by the sign :
ns mini.
( g ) A long vowel or syllable is denoted by the sign — ;
as rukkha, pai?<j i tam.
(A) For the sake of the metre or measure a short vowel
may be lengthened or a long vowel shortened.
THE VATTA STANZA.
The Vatta stanza consists usually of four lines or fonr
quarter- verses. Each line or quarter-verse has generally eight
syllables. The syllables are divided into four parts, the two ex-
treme ones aro free , i.e. either short or long ; the other six are
divided into two seats or feet of three syllables each. Some-
times an extra half stanza is added as in oxample 3 below.
Examples.
sj. sJ - - - \J
(1) S i p | p a s a m a m I d h a n a m natjthi;
_ - _ _ v/ - - u
sipjpam c o r ft | n a ganhan |ti;
- -
ijdha 1 o k e | s i p.p a m mit|tam
pa|raloke|au kh a v a | h a m.
PROSODY.
105
v_> - w - - - -
(2) A | s o v a n S | o a b ft 1 ft | n a m
- - - w - w
pai)|dilanafi| o a 8eva|nS
vy - v/ - -
pU|jft oa p Q | j a n I y ft | n a m
- - -
o | tain raaftga|lamutta|mam.
^ S-/ - - V*
(3) A | v i j j a a ij | d a k o 8 a | m h i
- - - w .
8 a t | t o t a q h ft | j a_l_a m b u | j o
w - - - _ - w
t a | m h ft thanft|nikkhame|ai
d o | b a n a n a | )) a t e j a | « ii ;
- - w w - w
•e | t e n a sacjcavacejna
- W — V/ VS — -
ho|tu me ja|yamafiga|lam.
Thr Second Sbats.
The distinguishing character of the Vatta measure is that
either the foot v_/ — v/ or ^ must be used in the second
soat of the second and fourth quarter -verses as underlined in
tho above oxsmples. Generally vy — \J is found in both those
seats. Tho other two seats aro froo, i.c. any trisyllabto foot
may bo used.
Thk First Skats.
In tho first soat of all tho quarter-verses, and foot except
v/ or '•s v-> — may bo usod, but this rule is not strictly
observed ss wo find in the first seat of tho first example given
above. In order to make tho metre perfect, wo find tho rending
- — \_> - ( — —
sippam samarn instead of sippasamam.
VOCABULARY.
Part I. Pam — English.
A
Aggi (m.) — "lire.”
Ajja (adc .)— 1 to-day.”
Anna (pwnl. adj .) — ■“ other.”
Atavl (/.)—“ forest.”
Atthasi (nor. of v'^ha)—
“ stood," “ remained.”
Atthgsimha (nor. of ^/tha) —
“ we stood,” •* wo remained.’'
Atthi («.)—“ bone."
Attano (gen .) — “ of self,"
“ own.”
Atta (ia.)-“ self."
Adamsu ( aor . of v'da)— " they
gave.”
Addasa (aor.)—”
Adasi ) ,
Adasum * aor *
•v/da—
“ gave."
Antare (udrl. foe.)— “within.”
] Amacca (to.)— “ minister,”
“ officer of state."
Amba (rn.) — “ mango."
Ayam — “ this,” “ he."
Arannam— “ forest.”
avidQre ( adii. loc .) — " not
i far."
Assa (m.) — “ horse.”
! Aham— “ I."
A
Agata (pp.p .) — “ come.”
Agacchati — “ comes,” “ ar-
rives."
Acariya (to.) — “ teacher."
Acikkhati— “ tells," “ inti-
mates.”
Ana (/.) — “order,” “ com-
mand.”
Apana («i.)—“ market,”
“ shop."
Amanteti — “ calls,” " address-
es."
Aruhati— “ mountfl," “ as-
cends."
Aroceti— “ tells,” “ intimates.”
Avata (m.)— “pit."
VOCABULARY.
107
Asanam — “ scat.”
Aha— “ said.”
Aharati — “ brings,” “ fetches."
Aharapeti— “ causes to bring,”
“ causes to fetch."
Akara (m.) — "food.”
Icohati — *■ wishes."
Iccha (/. j “ wish.”
ItthI (/.) “ woman."
Id&ni (ado .) — ' “ now."
Iddhi “miraculous
1 power."
Ime (pi. of ayam)— " these.”
Uggaiihati — “ acquires."
Ucchu (m.) — “sugar-cane.”
TJdShu (conj.)—“ or."
Upaya (»».)—“ means,” “way.*
UparajS (m .)— “ viceroy.”
Eka— “ one."
Ekissa (fern, of eka) — “ of one,
etc. [See Git.]
U
UpasaAkamati — “ approaches.”
1 Uppajjati— -“arises,” “springs
up.”
1 Ubho ( m.,f. , «.)—•“ lx»th.”
IJ8u (vu or /.) — “ arrow.”
E
i Ete (pi. of eso) — “ these,”
“they.”
! Esa ( =e8o)--“ he,” “this."
O
Otarati — “ comes down,” “ de-
scends."
Oloketi— “ looks," “ beholds.”
Ovadati — “ admonishes,” “ in-
structs."
Ovada (m.)— “admonition."
K .
Kata (ppp -)—' “ done." */kar. | Kappeti— “ does."
Katheti— “ tells,” “ relates." Kammam— “ work," “ deed.”
108
SECOND PALI COURSE.
Katum (inf.) “ to do.” */kar. Kusala— “ good,” “ virtuous.”
Karanam— “ matter,” “cir- Kenaci (gen. of koci)— “by
cumstaDce,” “ occurrence.”
Kiiiati — “ buys."
Kilati — “ plays.”
KI1S (/.)—“ play," "sport."
Kumar! — “ princess.”
Khaijati— “ digs."
Khanti (/.) “ patience."
anyone.” [See koci in Gk.]
Ko— " who," “what?”
Koci — “ anyone," “ whoever.”
Koti (/.)— “end,” “extremity."
Kutthi (m.)— “ leper."
Kh
I Khettam— “ field."
G
Gacchati — “ goes.”
Gacohapeti — “ causes to go.”
Gafiga (/.) “the Ganges."
Gantum (inf. of v/gam) —
“ to go." [“ having gone."
Gantva (ger. of */gam) —
Gahapati (m.) — “householder."
Gaheti — “ takes,” “ seizes.”
Gama (m.)— “ village.”
Gilana— “ sick.”
Guha ( “ cave.”
Gopa (m.) — “ bullock," “cow.”
Gopako (m .) — “ keeper.”
Gopfila — “ cowherd.”
Ghai^ta ( /.)—“ bell."
Gh
| Ghora — “ dreadful," “ fearful."
C
Ca (conj .) — “ and.” •
Cati (/.)—“ pot," “ vesseL”
Cataaso (/.)
Cattari (n.) I ,
CattSro (m.) j
Catu (hose.) J
Canda (*n.)— “moon.”
Citaka (/.)—“ funeral pile.”
Cintayati
Cinteti
| — “ thinks.”
Ce (conj .) — “ if.”
Cotiyam— “ shrine," “pagoda.”
Cora (m .) — “ thief."
Corapeti — “ causes to steal.”
Coreti— “ steals.” ^cur.
VOOA.BOf.ARV.
109
Chaddeti — “ gets rid of,’’ “
cards."
Janapadam- — “ district."
Janati— “ knows.”
Janapeti — “ causes to know.”
Tajjeti— “ frightens.”
Tandula (m.) — “ rice.”
Tattha (ado .) — “ there.”
Tatha (adv .)— 1 “ so,” ,k lik
that.”
Tada (adr.)—“ then.”
Tayo (mi.)—" three.”
Taruna— “ fresh,” “ young.”
Tfiva (adv.)— 11 till,” “ then.”
Ti (sign of narration ) — “ that,
“ namely.”
Ch
is- Chinna (P-P-P -) — “ out,’'
“ severe<l." v'chid.
J
Jala (/.)—“ Hanie."
JIvitam— “ life.”
Jeti — “ conquers."
T
Tvam — “ thou.”
Titthati — “stands," “remains,"
, “ is established."
TXni («.)—“ three."
Tittaka— “ bitter.”
Tisso (/.)— "three."
Tumhe— “ you.’’
Te— 11 thine,” " they," etc. [See
tvam and so in Gr.]
D
Dasa— " ten."
Dassami (fut. of v'da) — ■“ I
shall give." [out."
Dassoti — “ shows." “ points
Dapoti — “ causes to give.”
Daraka (m.) — “boy."
Darika (/.)—“ girl."
Daru (n.)— “ fire-wood,” “ fire-
stick.”
DasI (/.)—“ female slave,"
“ bondwoman."
Dasa male slave,”
“ bondman." .
Disa (/.) — “ cardinal point."
Disva (ger.) — “having seen.”
Vdis.
] DIgha— " long.”
Dukkha — “ painful ”
second pin Course.
lli>
Dukkham— “ pain,” “ suffer-
ing.” [“ emissary.”
Data (m.)— “ messenger,”
DovI (/.)—“ queen.”
Desoti— “ instructs.”
D«}-“ tw °; c«o« gk.j
Doaa — " fault,” “ hatred."
Dh
Dhanaro— “ wealth.’* Dhltu (/.)— “daughter."
-Dhunu (».)— "bow." Dhonu (/.) “cow.’’
Dhuraraam— " law,” “truth,” Dhovati —* 4 washes.”
“ tile Scriptures.”
Nam ( = tarn)— “him," "that,”
etc. [Sec so in Gr.]
Na (adc.)— “ not.”
Nagaram — “ town.”
Nadi (/.)— “river.”
N&m am — “ name.”
NSva (/.)—“ boat.”
Navika (m.) — “ boatman."
Nidahati — “ conceals.”
Nipajjati lies down.”
Nivesanam — “ abode," “dwell-
ing.”
Nisldati — “ sits."
Nu ( interrogative particle ) — “ is
it?” “so?”
Noti— “ leads,” “ takes,”
“ brings."
P
Pakkamati — “ goes off," “de-
parts."
Pakkosati— “onlls,” “ sum- |
uion*.”
Paoati— “ cooks."
PaoSmitta (m.J— “ onemy."
Pacita (p.p.p.)— “cooked."
Paoeti — “ drives.”
Paooarl (/.)—“ raft."
Pacohato ( adv . and prep.)—
“ after," “behind.”
Paoohi (/.)—“ basket."
Panha («.)—“ question."
Pandita (m.)— “ Pandit,"
"Sage.” [“clever.”
Pagdita (ad>.)— “ " i « e,"
Patvfi (ger .) — " having at-
tained," “ having reached."
Padosa (m.)— “ place," “ spot.”
Pana ( covj .) — “ but."
Parajita ( p. p. p.)— 44 con-
qnered."
VOCAIIVMKY.
Ill
Parfijeti — “ conquers.*'
Pavisati — '* enters.”
Paas.iti — “ see*."
Pasxi (mi.) — “ goat.”
Paharita (p.p.y.)— “ struck.”
Paliarati— ' " strikes."
Pahlnati — “ sends."
Pfiturilsu (in. )—" breakfast."
Pftnlyam — “ water.”
Piipa— ” evil,” «' wicked."
PftpUOSti— ” gets," " attains, ”
“ read i os.”
Pftram ( udv ., prey., and noun)
- beyond."
Pasaija (m.)— “ rock."
Pasada («».) — v palace.”
Pita (m.) — “ father."
Pharusa— " harsh."
• Pitu (yeti., tin/., and bit** of
pita)—” father's," etc.
Pidahati — “ closes," “ shuts."
Pivati— " drinks.”
PIti (/.)-“ joy."
Pucchati— “ asks."
Putta tin.)— "son." [front."
Purato (uilo. and prop .) — "in
Purfti^a •• old," " ancient-"
Purisa (m.)—' ” man."
Purohita (in .) — " private oliap-
Inin," “iv king’s private ad-
viser."
Pesita (y.p.p .)— " sent."
Pesati — “ sends.”
Potthaka ( m . or ».)—•* book,"
I “ treatise.”
Ph
| Phalam — “ fruit."
B
Bandhati— “ ties."
Bahu— ” many," “ much."
B&rfigasi (/.)—” Benares."
Bftla (adj .) — 41 foolish."
Bfilatfi (/.)—“ folly."
Budddha («.)—" Buddha."
Brfthmaija (m.)— “ Brfthmin."
BrahmapI (/.)— BiUhmin’s
wife."
1)1.
BhaginI (/.) — “sister." [ty."
Bhandam — “ goods," “ proper-
Bhaqdika (/.)—“ bundle."
Bhattam— ” rice.”
Bhattakara (m.) — “ cook."
Bhatta (m.)- “husband."
Bhavati— “ is."
Bhfita (m.)— 1 14 brother."
Balisika fm.)— “ Gshernian.”
Bahiro (adv .) — “ outside."
112
SKCOND PJLLI COURSK.
Bhikkhavo (pi. of bhikkhu)
“ moukK.”
Bhikkhu (»«.) — “ monk/'
BhikkunI (/.) — “nun."
Bhisi (/.)—“ mat."
-Magga (in.) — “road."
Majjham— “ middle.”
Maficaka (m .) — “ bod," “cot.
Mai*i (in.)—" “ gem."
Madhura -“sweet."
Manusaa («».)—“ man."
Mamsam- 1 ' flesh. ”
May am — “ we."
Maranam— “ death.”
Marati — *• dies.”
Mahanta — “ large,” “ big.”
Maha (in tied. ) — “great."
Yathft (oito.)— “aa."
Yatbasukham (advl. comp.)-
" according to ono’s wish,
*• at pleasure."
Yadft (ado.)—" when."
Yftvn («dr.) — “ until."
B&kkhuti — “ keeps, " “guards.’
Rajju (/.)-“ rope," “string."
Ratthnm~*-“ kingdom."
Ratti (/.) “ night.” [riage.’
Ratha (m.) — “ chariot," “ car-
Bhufijati— “ eats.”
Bhufijapoti — “causes to eat."
Bhttmi (/.)—' “•artb.”
Bhori (/.) — “drum."
! Bhojoti— “ feeds."
M
Mahilrftjft— “ emperor," “ over-
lord." [« not."
| Mil ( prohibitive particle) —
( Matapita— “ parents."
| Mats — “ mother."
I Mfiroti— “ kills.”
Mukham— “ month," " fiice,"
“ entrance."
Metta (/•)—“ friendshij>,"
1 “love."
Moceti—" sets free,” “ re-
I leases.”
Yfigul (m.) — “rice gruol,"
“ porridge."
Yficati— “ asks."
Yftti — “ go os.”
Yogi (m.)— “ ascotic."
Rasa (m.)— “ juice."
I Rfijft (m.) — “ king.”
I Rilma (m.) — “Rama.”
; Raai (m.)— “ heap."
Rukkha (m.)— “ tree."
VUCAHUI.AKY.
113
Labhati— "gets*
Lftpu (m.) — " pumpkin."
L
Lllhft (/)-“ grace.".
Ludda («».)”“ liuntoi’.*'
V
Vaounara — “ upoech,” “ word."
Vaficoti — "duooivos," “oludos.’*
Vfl (eonj.)—‘ l or.”
Vadeti— " Honmla.”
Varoti— “ re-strains,” “ checks.”
Vasa (m.) — “ residence.”
Vattati— “ is right.” •
Vaddhaki (in.)—' 1 carpenter.”
Vatthu (».)—“ story.”
Vadati — “ says,” “ tells.”
Vadliati — “ kills."
Vasati — “ dwells.”
Vasftpeti — •“ causes to dwell.
Vassa— "year.”
Vikkin&ti— " sells.”
Vijahati — " forsakes,” “ aban-
dons."
Vina {prep.) — “without."
| Viriy am— "energy."
: Vejja (in.)—" physician,”
"doctor."
Vithi (/.)—“ street,” " road.”
Vedanam — “ pain.”
Velu (m.) — " bamboo."
8
Sakatam- “ cart."
Sakkil — “ able.” [V i d o G R .,
p. 27].
Sakuija (»».)—" bird."
Sakkui)&tl \_.i (ll ftl) |,.”
Sakkoti J
Saocam— " truth."
Sooca— " truthful.”
Sace (eonj .) — “ if.”
Sann& (/.) sign,” " intima-
tion.”
Satti (/.)-" spear,” “ javelin.”
Sadadhati— " believes.”
Saddhim (prep . )— “ with,"
Santikam (advl. uoc.)— 11 near."
Santiko (advl. loo.)— 11 near.”
Sabba ( pronl . adj.)—" all."
Samaya (in.) — " time.”
Samlpo (advl. loc.) — “ near."
Sayanha (ni.) — "evening."
Sara (in.) — “ lake.”
Sve*(adu.) — “ to-morrow."
Sahaya (m.) — “friend."
1 Sa (/.)-" she.”
114
second rXr.r course.
Satakam — “ garment.”
Say a (m.) — “ evening.’’
S&yabhattam — " dinner,”
“ evening meal.”
Sarathi (m.)— " charioteer.”
SSlft (/.)—" hall,” “ loom,”
* “ rest-house.’.’
Sasanam — “ order,” “ com-
mand,” “ Biiddlia’s j'eligion.”
Sikkhati — “ learns.”
Sikkhapeti — "causes to learn."
Sigala (m.)-r“ jackal.”
Siddhi (/.)—" success,” "pros-
perity."
Hattha (m.) — "hand.”
Hatthl (m.) — “ elephant.”
Hutva ( ger .) — "being.”
Siri (/.)-" glory,” “grandeur,”
“ magnificence."
Sissa (w.)— ' “ pupil."
SItala — " cold," “ cool."
Sllam— “ precept.”
Siha (»».)— "lion.”
Sukham — “ happiness."
Sunfiti— " heai“S," « listens."
Suriya (»».)—" sun."
Sotthi (»».)— “ banker."
SetthI /“ treasurer.”
Setu ( mi.)—" bridge.”
Sena army.”
So—" he."
Solasa — " sixteen.”
Hettha (ailc. and pny .) —
“ under.”
Hoti— " is."
Part II. English — Pam.
Able—" sakk5.”
Abstains—" viramati.”
According — “ yatha.”
Acquires— "papujjati,” "ug-
gai^hSti.”
Acts—" karoti.”
Admonishes—" ovadati.”
Admonition — “ ovado.”
Aged— "mahallaka."
All—" sabba.”
Allows—" labhati.”
And—" ca.”
Another-*" anna.”
Anyone — " kooi.”
VO* "A POLAR V.
115
Approaches — “ upasanka-
mati.”
Anrives — agacbhati.”
As— “ yatha.”
B
Bo— “ ^/hO.”
Beard — “ massu.”
Bents — “ paharati.”
Behind — “ pacchato.”
Believes — “ saddahati ”
Bell— “ ghanta.”
Benares— 1 “ Baranasi
BhagavS— “ Bhagava.”
Bird— “ sakuno.”
Birth— “ jati.” *
Boat — “ navS.” •
C
Calls — “ pakkosati.”
Can— “ sakka,” “ sakkoti,"
“sakkuijati.”
Cardinal Point — “ disS.”
Carpenter — “ vaddhaki.”
Carts— “ sakatam.”
Canse — “ karanam.”
Chaplain (private) — “ puro-
hito.”
Chariot — “ ratho.”
Charioteer — “ s&rathi.”
Checks — “ vareti.”
Dares — “ ussahati.”
Daughter — “ dhita.”
Asks— “ pucchati.”
Assembly — “ parisa.”
Assents — “ patisuijfiti.”
Attains — “pSpunfiti.”
Book — “ potthakam.”
Both— “ ubho.”
Boy— “ dSrako.”
Brahmin — “ Brahmano.”
Breakfast— “ pataraso.”
Brings — “ Sharati.”
Brother — “ bhata.”
Brought — “ aharita,” “ anita.”
Buddha — “ Buddha/’
Bullock — “ goijo.”
City — “ nagarara.”
Clover— “ pandita.”
Comes— “ Sgacchati.”
Commits — “ karoti.”
Company — “ parisa.”
Compass (point of) — “ disS.”
Conceals — “ nidahati.”*
j Conversation — “ katha.”
Cooks — “ pacati.”
Cow— “ dhenu.”
Cowherd — “ gopalo”
Creeper — “ valli.”
D .
j Day— “ divaso.”
Death — “ maranam.”
116
8 BOON D 1'iLI COURSE.
Deceives — 1 “ vaficeti.”
1 )eclaics — “ kathoti,” “ aro-
ceti.”
Deed— “ kammam.”
I )opart8 — “ pakkamati.”
Descends — “ ota rati.”
Dcsoribos— " vaijpeti.”
Destroys—" n&soti .”
Did— “ akasi ”
Dios — “ marati.”
Digs — “ khanati.”
Direction—" disa.”
Divides — “ bhajeti.”
Doctor—" vejjw.”
Does—" karoti ”
Done (p.p.p.)— " kata.”
Door—" dvflram.”
Dreadful—" ghora.”
Drinks—" pivati."
Drum — " bhori.”
Dwelling — " nivosanam.”
1 Kvells — " vaaati,” " vibarati.’'
E
Eats — " kbadati,” " bhunjati.'
Eight — " attha.”
Eighty — “ aslti.”
Elephant—" hattbi.”
Emissary—" dOto ”
Emperor — " maharaja."
Kndeavoni's — " ussahati.”
Enmity — “ vey am.”
Euters — “ pavisati.”
Evening — “ sayanho.”
Evil — “ papam."
Excavation — “ §vSto."
Exertion—" viriyam.”
i Eye—" cakkhu.”
Kails—" patati ”
Far — " dQro,” dQrato."
Father — " pitft
Fault — “ doso.”
Fear— ‘'bhayam."
Foeds— " bhojeti.”
Field—" khettam.”
Fire- wood— daru.”
First — " pathama.”
Fisherman — " balisiko.”
F
*
Five—" pafioa.’’
Folly—" bftlatfi."
Foolish—" bftla.”
Foot — " pftdo.”
Foot-soldier—" patti.
4
Four—" catu.”
! Fourth— *' catuttha.’’
, Friend— " sabftyo.”
; Frightens — " tajjeti.
i Front (in.) — "purato.”
vocAnur.ARV.
117
G
Ganges— “ Gahgft.”
Garden — “ uyyfinam.”
Garment — “ sfttakam.”
Gets—" labbati »» ; “ gaijhftti ”
Gets rid-" chaddeti”
Gift — “dftnaifa.”
Girl—" diirikfl."
Gives—" dadflti,” “ doth”
Hnll— " a&lft.”
Hand— „ hattho.”
Happiness — “ aukham.”
Harp — “ tanti.’”
He-" so.”
He who—" yo ”
Hears — “ sup.&ti.”
Here— “idha”
High— “ ucca.”
1— " aham.”
If—" oo,” “ aaoe.”
I niposaible — " na aakkfi " nu
sakkoti,” " na sakkuijftti
Glory — “ sir! ” " sirl.”
God—" dovo.”
Gogh—" gaoohoti.”
Gold—" suvatypam,”
Goods — " bhaijdarii,” " bhaij-
dftnl.”
Grandson — " nattfi.”
Great — " mahft,” *' nxahonta
Hire—" bhati ”
Hole—" ftvata.”
Honey — “ madhu.”
Honour — “ aukkaro.”
Horse—" asao.”
Hot — “ unha."
House — “ gharam.”
Hundred — " satam.”
Huntei — " luddo.”
Is—" hoti."
Ih ftblo — " BakkuQUti";
“sakkft," " sakkoti.”
J
Javelin — " aattl.”
K
Keeps—" rakkhati.” j Kills—" mareti ”
Killed — "marita.” \ King— “raja.”
118
XKCuNli CAM i'OUKSK.
Law dhamrao."
Learns—* 1 fllkkhatl.”
Life— “ jlvitam.”
Lion—" slho,”
.Lioness-- " slhl
Mngniiircnco — " airi,” “ sir!.”
Makes— “ karoti,” •* kappeti.”
Man— "puriao,” “ manusao.”
Many — “ bahu."
flatter — “pavatti,” “ kftra-
nam.”
Means—" upayo.”
Medicine — “ oaadham."
Merchant.—" vfiijijo.”
Messeni'ei — “ dtlto.”
Name— “ nilmam."
Names— " nilmam karoti."
Now—" nava."
Near--" aantike," " aumlpo."
Ninotoon — " ekf\navl8ati.”
Old— " puraaa.”
One—" oka."
Or— “ va," " udabu."
Listons— “ •ujLfttl*’
Lives—" vaaati,” “ viharati. 1 '
Long—" dlgha.’’
Looks—" olokoti.”
Lufco— “ vtyft.”
Alii MIc — " majjham.”
Ministoc— “ araacco/'
Mitliila — “ Mithilft.”
Monastery—" vibftro.”
Monk—" bhikkhu,” " au-
ra ano.”
Monkey—" kapi,” “ vanaro.”
Moon—" cando.”
Urotbor — ' * rnftta.”
Mountain — " pabbato."
Nofv— " na," “ raft."
Not fin — *' avidare."
Now-" idftui.”
Nun— “ bhikkbunl.”
\
Other — *' anna.”
Outside—" bftbire.”
VOCAIin.ARV.
110 *
p
Pain — “ vedanS.”
Painful— “ dukkha." •
Pagoda— “ cetiyam.”
Palace—** pftsftdo.”
Pandit—'* pai^dlto.”
Paronts — “ mfltapitft."
Patience— “ khanti.”
Peo|»l( — “ mahftjano";
“ puriBii.” “ manussil.” •
Person — “puriso,” “manusao.”
Physician — “ vojjo.”
Pit-** avato.” • v
Queen — “ devl.”
Place— “ thftnam.*’
Plan— “ upftyo.”
Pleusuro — “ ruti.*’ [“ disfl ”
Point (of t li « o o m p it k s)
Procopt — " sllam.'*
PIOHOUCO (of)— “santike.” ,
Proptrby — “ bhaijdam.”
Prido— “ milno.”
Proud — “ mana."
Pnuipkin — “ lapu.”
Pupil—** sisso," '• Bftvako,”
“ antevasiko.** *
Q-
| Question— “ panho.”
R
Rama — “ Rftmo.”
Readies—'* papunati."
Reason — “ kfirarjara.”
Relic—" dbfttu."
Uoligion— “ dhommo."
Remomliers— ' ** Hurati.”
Removes — “ apanoti.”
Resident-pupil — '* antovftsiko.*
Restrains—" vfiroti."
. Hetiune— " parisft.” n
\ /
Rice—*' bhattam.”
Rico -gruel — ** yftgu."
Rids—" cbaddeti.”-
Right (it. is) — “ vattati.”
Rings— *‘ vfideti."
River -*• nadl.”
Heiwl— “ vlthi.”
Rolibor — •* coro."
Rock— “pftsftQO.” ["
Room— “ okfiHa,” “ ^hftnam,”
s
Sailor—" naviko.”
Sand—" raluka."
Says—" kattaoti,” « vadati.”
Science — " sippam
SIC COX I* TALI COURSE.
120
Second— “ dutiya
Seated (p.p.p.)— 1 14 nisinna.”
Soos passati," “ olokoti.”
Soils— “ vikkin.ftti."
Sends—" posoti.”
Seven—" satta."
Sliaro — " kotthftsa.”
-She— “ eft."
Shop—" opaijo."
Shows — “ dassoti."
Sick—" gilfina."
Sister — “ bhaginl.”
Sits- « nisldati ”
Sit5— " Sita."
Sky—" akftso.”
Slave—" daso.”
Slave- woman — “ dasi.”
So — " tatha," " evarh.”
Son— “ putto.”
Takes—" gaheti,” 14 gai^hslti."
'J'axila — " Takkaaila.”
Teacher—" satthfi," *' ficariyo."
Tear — * assu."
Tells—" ftrocoti,” " kathoti."
Thero — tattha." .
Thiof — " coro."
Thinks—" ointeti."
This—" oso."
Thorn—" kaptako ”
Thousand — " suhassam."
Thou—" tvam.”
Three— “tt”
Throws — “ khipati."
i Sounds—" vadoti."
1 Spade—" kudd&lo.”
j Speaks — " katheti.”
Spoor—" satti."
Stands—" “ titthfitl
Star—" tftrukft.”
Stays—" vaaati," " viharati."
Steals — " ooroti."
Story—" vatthu."
Street—" vlthi.”
j String — " rajju.”
Success—" siddhi."
Suffering—" dukkhom
Suffers (death) — " maranam,”
" papuiiati.”
Sugar-cane— "*Ucchu.”
Sun—" 8uriyo."
j Saudari— "Sundarl.”
I Supports poseti."
T
Throws up— 44 ukkhipati."
Thunderbolt— 44 aaanl ”
Thy—" tava," " to," " tu-
yham.”
: Tios— 44 bandhati."
Till then—" tftva,” " tfivatft."
To-day— 44 ajja."
To-morro*v — " sve." -rj
Top— *>raatthako."
Town— 4 ' nagaram."
Townsman-V 4 nagaravasl."
Treasure — 41 dhanam.
Truth— 44 8accam.’*
Two— "dvi,'’
VOCAHOMRY.
Until— “tftva”
Vioeroy— " uparftjft."
Village—" gflmo ”
Washes— "dhovati.” . j Why— “kim.”
Water— "piinlyam.” j Wicked— “ papa.”
We— 4 ' mayam.” Wis.lom — “ panna.”
Wealth — 44 dhanaiji” . Wise— “ paiidita.”
Weapon “ avudham " % V Wish -“ioohS.”
Well (,eryj-“f*dha.» ~-^ wilhfn _.. antare „
Went-'- agamaai. • Without-- vinft,” •• Mhire.'
What — “ yo,” “ ko.” • '
Whan — “ yadfi,” “ kada.” Wom “ n "' ittW -"
WhSe=~y.MhV “ kattha " VVord-“ vftoS."
Whioh 1 „ Work “ kammai"
Who j * World— “ loko.”
Yes — 44 ftma."
Yon — 41 tumho.”
Youug — 44 tannin,” 44 d&hara.
Catalogue No. 491 ,375/Gra.- 2727
Author — Gray, James
Title— Elementary Pali Grammar
or Second Pali Course.
Borrower No.
Date of Issue
Date of Return
4 A book that is shut is but a block'
GOVT. OF INDIA ^
7 Department of Archaeology
NEW DELHI.
Please help u
clean and moving
9.B., I4B.N.OEIHI.
Pali Grammar by James Gray
Anónimo