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STUDENT’S PALI SERIES
PALI GRAMMAR
BY
H. H. TUBE, m. a.
"Professor of Pali
in
RANGOON BAPTIST COLLEGE
RANGOON:
AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSION PRESS,
F. D. PHINNEY, SUPT.,
1899.
Digitized by LjOoq le
DEDICATED
TO
Rev. J. N. CUSHING, d.d.,
With acknowledgements of his kindly assistance in early Pali studies.
H. H. Tube.
Digitized by Google
CORRIGENDA.
Page 7 : — Insert the heading , Consonantal Changes, between
Sections 6 q and 70.
Page i i : — In 84 , (2) after the word mute, in both cases ,
insert the words — or nasal.
Page 23: — In Plur ., Mas., Nom., change — i to — L
Page 26: — In Sing., Loc ., change, jatiya to jatiya.
Page 32: — Change 154 to 145.
Page 45: — In Section 167, change matu to mata.
Page 59: — In Section i8g, Sing., Gen., and Dat., change
mayam to mayha m.
Pag£ 61: — In Sing., Fem., Loc., the last word should read
assa m instead of tassa/w.
Page 72: — Sect. 216 , N. B. s should read — In the formation
of the Aorist Stem, the root is often replaced by the Present
Stem.
Page 75: — The Reflec ., Fut., Sing., 1st Pers should read
— a m instead of — e.
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PREFACE.
This little book is chiefly a compilation. In its preparation
all the Pali Grammars published in English, have been con-
sulted ; and all material that was found suitable, or could be
made so, has been freely used : yet the work will be found as
distinctly original as any such work can be I have got most
help from the Pali Grammars by Muller and by Frankfurter,
and from the Sanscrit Grammars by Whitney and by Williams.
Fausboll’s splendid texts and his “Glossary to the Sutta
Nipata” have been very helpful: and Childer’s Dictionary,
invaluable. The short appendix on metres is adapted almost
entirely from “ Vuttodaya” as edited by Major G. E. Fryer.
My only excuse for preparing and publishing such a book
is the great need I myself felt for something like it, in my own
study of Pali as a beginner, and in my teaching of Pali to
classes of beginners. I have sought to make it pre-eminently
a beginner’s help.
Much of the work has been taught to my own pupils, and
daily used in the class-room during the past two years : the
present form is assumed in the light of such class-room use.
I have to thank Mr. F. D. Phinney, Supt of the A. B. M.
Press, for great care in the printing : and my good wife for
valuable help in copying and proof reading. All who help to
eliminate errors in an educational work are true assistants.
Hoping the work may be found helpful to others, I send it
forth.
Rangoon, Burma.
29th July , 1899. H. H. TILBE,
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CONTENTS
General Definitions,
Sound,
Classifications,
Vowel Changes,
Consonantal Changes,
Rules of Assimilation,
Sandhi,
Quantity,
Accent,
Formation of Nouns,
Compounds,
Formation of Verbs,
Inflection of Nouns,
Vowel Declension : —
First Declension , ...
Second Declension ,
Third Declension , ...
Diphthongal Declension,...
Consonantal Declension,...
Comparison,
Numerals,
Pronouns,
Pronominals,
Inflection of Verbs,
Formation of Stems,
Endings,
Conjugation of Khanati , ...
Synopses of ten Verbs, ...
Conjugation of Atthi ,
Conjugation of Hoti,
Derivative Verbs,
Past Passive Participle, ...
Adverbs,
Page
1
2
4
6
7
8
10
1 1
ib.
12
*3
15
17
18
23
32
39
40
53
54
59
67
69
71
72
76
79
85
86
88
90
92
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VI
CONTENTS.
Prepositions, ... ... ... ... 95
Conjunctions ... ... ... ... ib.
Sentences, ... ... ... ... 96
Syntax of Nouns, ... ... ... ... 97
Substantives : —
Nominative Case , ... ... ... ... ib.
Genitive Case , ... ... ... ... ib.
Dative Case, ... ... ... ... 99
Accusative Case , ... ... ... ... ib.
Instrumentive Case, ... ... ... 100
Ablative Case , ... ... ... ... 101
Locative Case , ... ... ... ... ib.
Vocative Case , ... ... ... ... ib.
Adjectives, ... ... ... ... 102
Pronouns, ••• ... ... ib.
Syntax of Verbs, ... ... ... ... ib.
Active Voice , ... ... ... ... 103
Reflective Voice , ... ... ... ... ib.
Present Tense , ... ... ... ... ib.
Imperfect , ... ... ... ... 104
Aorist , ... ... ... ... ib.
Perfect , ... ... ... ... ib.
Future , ... ... .. ... ib.
Conditional , ... ... ... ... 105
Participles , ... ... ... ib.
Infinitive , ... ... ... ... ib.
Gerund , ... ... ... ... ib.
Participle of Necessity. ... ... ... 106
Syntax of Indeclinables, ... ... ... ib.
Versification, ... ... ... ... 107
Metres Regulated by Time, ... ... ... 108
Metres Regulated by Number of Syllables, ... ... ib.
Sama Metres , ... ... ... ... 109
Addha Sama Metres . ... ... ... 113
Visama Metres, ... ... ... ... 114
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PALI GRAMMAR.
1. Pali Grammar has two parts. The first part treats of
words; (a) their sound; (b) their formation; (c) their in-
flection. The second part shows how words are joined to-
gether in sentences.
2. The principal kinds of words are: —
1. Nouns , including Substantives , commonly called
simply Nouns ; Adjectives; Numerals; Pronouns .
2. Verbs.
3. Indeclinables, including Adverbs; Prepositions;
Conjunctions .
3. Nouns (Substantive) are words used as names; they are
either Abstract or Concrete.
4. Abstract Nouns denote qualities, actions, states and
conditions.
5. Concrete Nouns denote persons or things. They are
either Proper Nouns which denote individual persons or
things; or Common Nouns which denote one or more of a class
of persons or things.
6. Common Nouns which denote a collection or group
are called Collective Nouns.
7. Common Nouns which denote material or stuff which
is measured, not counted, are called Material Nouns.
8. Adjectives are words used to describe persons or things
and are attached to the Nouns they modify.
9. Pronouns are words used as substitutes for Nouns.
10. Verbs are words used to express action, existence, or
condition.
11. Adverbs and Prepositions denote time, place, manner,
or condition; they are generally compounded with Nouns
or Verbs.
12. Conjunctions connect words or clauses in a sentence.
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2
PALI GRAMMAR.
13. Interjections are mere cries expressive of feeling; they
are not generally connected with the sentence,
14* There is no Article but certain Demonstrative Pro-
nouns are frequently best translated with the force of the
definite article, and the numeral Eko , with the force of the
indefinite article.
A . — SOUND.
Alphabet
15. The Pali Alphabet consists of forty one characters,
written in the following order: —
A, A, I, I, U, 0, E, O; M; K, KH, G, GH, N; C, CH,
J, JH, N; T, TH, D, (L), DH, 1ST; T, TH, D, DH,
N; P, PH, B, BH, M; Y, R, L, V; S; H.
16. A letter in Pali has always the same sound.
• Note: — Except perhaps m . See 26.
1 7. The sound of A is the same as in America , or as the
sound of u in but
18. A is like a in father .
19. I has the same sound as in pin .
20. I is like ee in seen .
21. U is like 00 in foot
22. U is like 00 in food .
23. E is pronounced as in fete or as a in mate .
24. O is pronounced as in note.
25. A, I, U, are always short: A, I, U, E, O, are always
long.
26. M is a mere nasal breathing. When final or followed
by a vowel, it has the sound of a suppressed ng: when follow-
ed by a consonant, it takes the sound of the nasal of the class
to which the consonant belongs and may change to that nasal.
27. K is sounded as in king.
28. KH is the aspirate of K and is pronounced as that
letter plus a distinct, but not separated sound of h — nearly
as in the compound black-hearted.
29. G is always hard as in gun.
30 GH, the aspirate of G, is very nearly as g-h in pig-
headed.
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SOUND. 3
31. N is sounded z&ngoxnk according as it precedes a
sonant or a surd.
32. C has the sound of ch in church.
33. CH is very nearly like ch-h in the compound much-
hated.
34. J is sounded as in jump.
35. JH is very nearly like dge-h in sledge-hammer.
36. Note; — In English there are several representations
for the one sound j: e.g. } j or g at the beginning of a word;
' g e i gh de, di in the middle of a word; j, ge, dge at the end
of a word.
37. N has the sound of ny in banyan , or of ni in minion.
38. Theoretically the Cerebrals and Dentals are quite,
different and both are difficult to represent by means of Eng-
lish words. Practically, however, the pronunciation is nearly
the same, both classes falling between the theoretical sounds
and nearly coinciding with the English dentals .
39. The Cerebrals should have a duller and deeper sound
than the English dentals— a sound made with the tongue far
back in the head, the tip turned back, and the underside of
the tip brought in contact with the roof of the mouth.
40. The Dentals should have a more distinctly dental
sound than the corresponding English letters — a sound made
by putting the tongue in actual contact with the inside of the
upper teeth so that t has a sound approaching that of th in
thin % and d that of th in this. The other letters of the class
are the aspirates and the nasal for the same position.
41. P is sounded as in pap .
42. PH is very nearly like p-h in trip-hammer .
43. B is pronounced as in bed.
44. BH is very nearly like b-h in tub-handle.
45 . M has the same sound as in man.
46. Y is sounded as in yet.
47. R is sounded as in rat.
48. L is pronounced as in light.
49 The labial liquid V has theoretically the sound of w
in win; practically it is generally pronounced as a labio-dental
liquid, as v in vine .
50. S is as in son.
51. H is sounded as in hat.
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4
PALI GRAMMAR.
52. The letters of the alphabet are classified with respect
to the place of formation, as: —
( 1 ) Gutter als, formed in the throat.
(2) Palatals, formed with the aid of the palate.
(3) Cerebrals, formed in the roof of the mouth.
(4) Dentals, formed with the aid of the teeth.
(5) Labials, formed with the aid of the lips.
53. The letters of the alphabet are classified with respect
to tone, as: —
(1) Surds, made without tone.
(2) Sonants, made with obstructed tone.
54. The Consonants are classified with respect to utter-
ance, as: —
(1) Mutes, not uttered without the aid of a vowel.
(2) Liquids, uniting readily with other sounds.
(3) Nasals, uttered with a resonance in the nose.
55. The Consonants are classified with respect to aspira-
tion, as: —
(1) Aspirated, having a distinct, strong breathing
added.
(2) Unaspirated, having no such breathing.
56. S is classified as a sibilant
57. H is classified as an aspirate .
58. Y and V are also called semi-vowels .
59. E partakes of the characteristics of both gutterals and
palatals, being considered a diphthong made up of a or a
+i or I.
60. O partakes of the characteristics of both gutterals and
labials, being considered a diphthong made up of a or a
+u or u.
61. M, called niggahita, has been variously classified*but
it is perhaps best considered a nasal vowel, partaking of the
characteristics of all the classes.
62. Excluding the nasals, the liquids, and the sibilant, the
other twenty- two Consonants are mutes .
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CLASSIFICATION OF LETTERS.
SOUND,
5
63 . The above distinctions are shown in the following: —
CONSONANTS.
•(^UBUO§)94BJldsV
^ * I l •
•(pjns) luBjjqiS
.
• «.(/}•
Sonant.
•pmbiq
IBSBfl
n
n
u
n
m
•poiBJidsy
JC j-
•pa^BJidsBUft
bo — > ^ JO
n 3 *
Surd.
•pa^BJidsy
kh
ch
th
th
ph
•p^BJldSBUQ
J 4 Ch
VOWELS.
Sonant.
5
1 *
O
v : : :
a & a
i & i
u & u
• • • • •
lo ^ vT
60 *** ~
Vs ^ K
> *0
2 >» Q S*
$t » £ Q
^ C Q s
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6
PALI GRAMMAR.
VOWEL CHANGES.
64. Vowels are frequently interchanged. The vowels are
produced by the emission of the breath modified by greater
or less change in the vocal organs — chiefly the palate and lips.
A is formed with the organs all wide open. By constricting
the palate more and more with
the raised tongue while narrow-
ing the opening of the lips side-
wise, the sound of A is changed
successively to A, E, I, I; by con-
stricting the palate in the same
way while narrowing the opening
of the lips up and down, the
sound of A is changed successive-
ly to A, O, U, C. The first pro-
cess is termed flattening and its
reverse, filling up: the second is
termed narrowing and its reverse
There is a general tendency for i and i to become e; for u
and u to become o: for a to become a This change is called
strengthening and by native grammarians is considered as
resulting from prefixing a.
There is also a general tendency for the palatals and dentals
to interchange.
The following, then, are frequent changes: —
(1) A may flatten to e; it may narrow to o or to u.
(2) A may flatten to e or to i: it may strengthen to a;
it may narrow to o or to u.
(3) E may fill up to a or to a; it may flatten to i: it
may pass over to o.
(4) I may fill up to e, to a, or to ay: it may change to
its semi-vowel y: it may pass over to o or to u.
(5) I may fill up to e, to a, or to a: it may pass
over to u.
(6) O may narrow to u before a double consonant; or
to u, sometimes u, before a single consonant.
(7) U may strengthen tp o or to av: it may change to
its semi-vowel v: it may pass over to i or to a.
/\
/ \
Cs &
rounding up .
Digitized by LjOoq le
VOWEL CHANGES.
7
(8) C may strengthen to o or round up to a: it may
pass over to i.
65. Vowels may be lengthened: —
(1) In compensation for consonants dropped.
(2) In certain prepositions.
(3) . For the sake of metre.
(4) In composition.
66. Vowels may be shortened: —
(1) Before conjunct consonants.
(2) Before niggahita.
(3) For the sake of Metre.
(4) In composition.
67. Vowels are sometimes dropped.
68. Vowels are often inserted, especially to avoid conjunct
consonants.
69. Vowels are generally changed when brought together.
See Sandhi, 79 ff.
70. There are frequent changes of consonants. The motive
is either euphony or false analogy. Most of the changes are
optional and not infrequently two or more forms appear.
7 1 . Consonants interchange as follows: —
(1) An aspirated consonant may displace its unaspirated
form and vice-versd .
(2) An aspirated consonant may drop the characteristic
part, leaving h alone.
(3) A surd may change to a sonant of the same class or
vice-versd.
(4) A mute of one class is frequently changed to a mute
of another class.
(5) Y is inserted between two vowels when a consonant
has been elided : it changes to v between another
vowel and u: it is frequently interchangeable with r.
(6) L is interchangeable with r and with n: it some-
times displaces d.
(7) may be written for d: l=d may displace n.
(8) D and r sometimes interchange.
(9) H, r and s cerebralize a dental nasal which may then
become palatal.
(10) Any one of the five nasals following a vowel or
preceding either a vowel or a consonant, may be-
come niggahita.
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8
PALI GRAMMAR.
72. Consonants are frequently dropped from the end or
beginning of words and elided from the midst of words.
73. Consonants are often prefixed to words or inserted
between vowels in the midst of words.
74. Consonants are often doubled' after a vowel, especially
when an original consonant that has been dropped is revived
and assimilated.
75. Two consonants of the same class coming together are
preserved intact: but a conjunction of consonants of different
classes is generally avoided, either by vowel insertion or by
assimilation.
76. A conjunction of three consonants is allowed only
when one at least is a semi-vowel. A conjunction of three
or more consonants is avoided just as one of two consonants,
by vowel insertion and assimilation.
77. Assimilation is generally progressive, so that the first
consonant is assimilated to the second: but sometimes it is
retrogressive, so that the second consonant is assimilated to
the first.
If either or both of the orginal consonants be aspirated,
the second of the reduplicated consonants will have aspiration
and the first will be unaspirated: but sometimes the aspiration
is lost in assimilation.
The rules of assimilation are as follows: —
(1) When a mute follows a mute, progressive assimila-
tion always takes place.
(2) When a nasal follows a mute, retrogressive assimi-
lation generally takes place: there may be vowel
insertion: progressive assimilation occasionally
occurs.
(3) When a mute follows a nasal, retrogressive assimila-
tion occasionally takes place: but generally the
nasal changes to the nasal of the class to which
the mute belongs.
(4) When a nasal meets a nasal, progressive assimilation
takes place.
(5) When the sibilant precedes or follows a mute, the
sibilant is always assimilated and generally the
resultant is aspirated.
N. B . — Ts and ps generally give cch.
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VOWEL CHANGES.
9
(6) When the sibilant follows a nasal, the group may
remain intact: the sibilant may change to h with
metathesis .
N. B. — Metathesis means transposition of two letters coming together.
(7) When y precedes or follows a mute, the group may
remain intact: there may be vowel insertion: but
generally the y is assimilated ; and if it follows a
dental , the resultant passes into the palatal class.
(8) Y and r in conjunction may remain intact: may
take vowel insertion: may give r, y, yy, or 11.
(9) Y following 1 may be preserved or may be assimilated.
(10) Y following v may give v, vy, viy, by, or bb.
(1 1) When y follows h, both may remain with metathesis:
h may be assimilated : theie maybe vowel insertion.
(12) R in conjunction with a mute or sibilant is gener-
ally assimilated, sometimes aspirating the resultant:
when it precedes a dental, the resultant may be-
come cerebral: following a mute, it is sometimes
retained and sometimes takes vowel insertion.
(13) When r precedes h, there is always vowel insertion:
when it follows h, there may be vowel insertion or
assimilation, either progressive or retrogressive.
(14) R in conjunction with v gives v at the beginning
of a word and bb within a word.
(15) R preceding 1 is assimilated.
(16) Lin conjunction may take vowel insertion; some-
times there is assimilation, lv giving 11 or bb.
(17) V in conjunction generally assimilates: it occasion-
ally remains intact: hv undergoes metathesis .
(18) H in conjunction with nasals generally show meta-
thesis or takes vowel insertion.
78. Every word in Pali must end in a vowel or niggahlta.
This requirement occasions the following changes: —
(1) Any final nasal is changed to niggahlta and a pre-
ceding vowel shortened, if long.
(2) Final as generally changes to o; occasionally it
passes through o to u: sometimes it gives e; some-
times s drops, leaving a.
(3) Other consonants are always dropped. The remain-
ing vowels may then be left unchanged: may be
lengthened: may be shortened : may take niggahlta.
2
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10
PALI GRAMMAR.
SANDHI.
79. When vowels meet, coalescence may take place: one
may be elided: one may change to its semi-vowel form: both
may remain intact: a consonant may be inserted.
80. When vowels of the same organ meet, the result will
generally be a long vowel of the given organ: but two short
vowels may give rise to a short vowel before conjunct
consonants.
81. When vowels of different organs meet t the first is
generally elided: the remaining vowel may contiune as it is or
may lengthen if short.
The following exceptions may occur: —
( 1 ) A or a + i or i generally gives e.
(2) A or a 4 * u or u generally gives o.
(3) E + a may give ya.
(4) E may elide a following vowel.
(5) O generally elides a following vowel.
(6) O may change to av which may remain intact; drop
the a, leaving v alone; or become uv.
(7) I sometimes elides a following voweL
(8) I may change to its semi-vowel form y and then
assimilate with a preceding consonant.
(9) Iti + eva become itveva.
(10) I generally is not elided but elides or unites with
another vowel.
(11) U may change to its semi-vowel form v which may
or may not assimilate with a preceding consonant.
(12) U + i sometimes gives u.
82. When two vowels meet one of the following consonants
may be inserted: —
y, v, m, or r, generally; d, n, 1, or t, occasionally. Sometimes
a dropped consonant is revived between two vowels.
83. When a vowel, especially a short vowel, meets a
simple consonant from which a conjoining consonant has
been dropped, the dropped consonant may be revived and
assimilated.
84. When niggahita meets either vowel or consonant,
the group may remain intact: niggahita may be elided: a
vowel following niggahita may be elided ; or one of the fol •
lowing changes may occur: —
Digitized by LjOoq le
SANDHI.
II
(1) Niggahlta preceding a vowel generally changes to
m: or if the vowel be e, the group changes to nn.
(2) Niggahlta followed by a mute, is generally changed
to the nasal of the class to which the mute belongs.
(3) When niggahlta is followed by y, the group may
become nn.*
(4) When niggahlta precedes h, it may change to n.
QUANTITY.
85, A syllable is short, if it contain a short vowel followed
by a single consonant.
86> A syllable is long, if it contain a long vowel: if it con-
tain a short vowel followed by two consonants: if it ends in
niggahlta.
87. For the sake of metre, the quantity of a syllable may
be changed by changing the quantity of the vowel; by adding
or dropping a consonant: by adding or dropping niggahlta.
88. Sometimes for the sake of metre, whole syllables are
dropped or elided.
ACCENT.
89. No doubt Pali had an accent of its own: but it is not
now known. In reading or reciting the texts, it is now cus-
tomary to emphasize all long syllables.
B. — FORMATION.
90. There are at least three stages in the developement of
any inflected word, either noun or verb: —
(i) Root; (2) Stem; (3) Word.
91. Formation is the process by which stems are formed
from roots or from other stems.
92. A root is a monosyllable which gives the fundamental
meaning to a word or group of words.
93. Note — A root is that simple and primitive part of the
word which, incapable of grammatical decomposition, has
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12
PALI GRAMMAR.
been likened to a primitive element in chemistry. It con-
tains a simple primitive idea without addition or limitation of
any sort. It is not a real word, either noun or verb.
94 Note . — Roots are common, in varying form to Pali
and its cognates in the great Aryan family of languages. In
this grammar, a root written under the sign \/ , will always
be the Pali form of the root: but following the Pali form, the
Sanscrit form (when different) will frequently be given in
parentheses, in order to show an older form which will explain
many changes in formation — especially where dropped con-
sonants are revived and assimilated in composition.
N.B . — Sanscrit equivalents will sometimes follow other forms than roots.
95. A stem is that part of a word which contains its mean-
ing. Stems are either primary or secondary.
96. A Primary stem is developed directly from the root
by some modification — either by some internal change in the
root itself or by the addition of some letter or letters, called a
suffix: in some cases, by both internal change and addition
of suffix.
97. Sometimes the bare root itself is used as a primary stem.
98. A secondary stem is developed from a primary stem
by the addition of a suffix, with or without change of the root
element.
INFORMATION of nouns.
99. A Primary Noun Stem is formed by adding a suffix to
the root which may be either simple or compounded with an
indeclinable. The root may or may not take internal change.
100. The suffix is sometimes added directly to the root,
in which case assimilation may arise; sometimes it is added
by means of a connecting vowel.
101 Note : — Both in formation and in inflection, a vowel,
called connecting vowel , is frequently inserted between the
two parts of a stem or word to avoid a conjunction of conso-
nants. This connecting vowel is generally, not always, i.
102. The following is a list of suffixes used in making
Primary Noun Stems: —
a; an; ana; abha; as; asi.
a; ana.
i; in; ina; is; ittha (ishta).
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FORMATION OF NOUNS.
13
I; lyas.
u; una.
u.
ka; with aka, ika, uka.
ta ; tar; tas; ti; tu; tta; — i, — u (tra — i — u); tha;
thu.
na; nas; ni; nu.
ma; man; mana; pii.
ya; yu.
ra, with ara, ira, ura; ri; ru.
van; vara; vari; vari; vani.
sa; sas.
103. A Secondary Noun Stem is developed from a Primary
Noun Stem by means of a new suffix which may be added
directly to the ending or may replace it. There may or may
not be internal change in the root element.
104. The following is a list of suffixes used in mdking
Secondary Noun Stems: —
a.
ayana; ayi; ayya.
i; iya.
iya
eyya (enya).
ka, with aka, ika.
ta; tara, ra; tama, ma; ta; tya; tva; tvana.
disa; risa.
maya; mant; min.
ya.
ra; la.
vant; vin.
105. Compound stems are formed by uniting two or more
simple stems, whether primary or secondary. Such stems
may be used either substantively or adjectively. Indeclin-
ables sometimes form the first part of compound stems and a
few compounds exist, made up entirely of indeclinable forms.
106. Note — Stems formed from roots to which adverbs
and prepositions have been prefixed, are really compounds;
but such noun-stems are treated exactly as simple stems form-
ed from bare roots.
107. Compounds are divided into the following classes: —
(1) Dvanda . — Copulative or Aggregative.
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H
PALI GRAMMAR.
In this compound the members are co-ordinate
and in uncompounded use would generally be
connected by the conjunction, ca. This com-
pound is generally a plural with the gender and
declension of the final member; but it may
become a singular collective which is generally
neuter.
N. B . — Akin to this compound is the doubling or repeating of words to
express intensity, generality, or distribution.
(2) Tappurisa .— Dependent Determinate.
In this compound the prior member modifies the
final member as a case dependent on it. The case
relation may be of any kind; and occasionally
the order of the members may be reversed.
Frequently stems are thus used which are not
found in simple words.
{3) Kammadhdya . — Descriptive Determinate.
In this compound, the prior member modifies the
final member as an adjective.
(4) Digu . — Numerical Determinate.
In this compound the prior member has the force
of a numeral modifying the final member. The
compound generally becomes a neuter singular.
(5) Abyayibhawa. — Adverbial.
In this compound the prior member is an indeclin-
able joined to a noun stem as final member.
The compound becomes a singular abstract or
collective; and is frequently used adverbially. *
When any of the above compounds are used as
adjectives, assuming the forms for gender, num-
ber and case required by the nouns with which
they are used, they are called Bahubbihi.
When used as a Bahubbihi, the declension of
the compound may be determined by the final
stem; but more generally it is declined with the
endings of the first declension.
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II.— FORMATION OF VERBS.
108. Primary Verbal Stems are formed directly from roots
by various modifications of the root itself and the addition of
different suffixes. This formation of primary verbal stems will
be best considered with Conjugation under Inflection.
109 A Secondary Verbal Stem is one which throughout
its inflection, relies on a Conjugation-stem rather than directly
on the root. There are five classes : —
(1) Passive , giving the root a passive force.
(2) Causative , giving the root a causative force.
(3) Desiderative, giving the root a desiderative force.
(4) Intensive , or Frequentive , giving the root an inten-
sive, or repetitional force.
(5) Denominative , expressing a great variety of ideas —
acting like, resembling; regarding as , treating as ,
causing to be , making; rising; being possessed of;
desiring that which is denoted by the noun from
which it is derived.
no. The Passive conjugation -stem is made by adding the
suffix — ya to the root as follows : —
(1) When the root ends in a vowel, — ya is added direct-
ly, the root-vowel frequently undergoing change.
(2) When the root ends in a single consonant, — ya is
generally added directly, according to the regular
rules of assimilation, ( See 77).
(3) When the root ends in a conjunct consonant, or a
single consonant that does not readily double
(generally r or h), — ya is added with the connect-
ing-vowel — 1.
Sometimes — lya is added to the Present Stem, ( See 207).
in. The Causative conjugation-stem is formed by strength-
ening the root and adding the suffixes — aya, — apaya which
may contract respectively to — e, — ape before consonant end-
ings but remain, dropping final a, before vowel endings
1 12. The Desiderative conjugation -stem is formed byre-
duplicating the root and adding a suffix, — sa, with or without
i as connecting-vowel.
In this reduplication the consonant follows the regular rules
for reduplication ( See 113 ) ; but the vowel is generally i for
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i6
PALI GRAMMAR.
a, a, i or ar ( ri): u for u or u. Sometimes the reduplication
and root are contracted into one syllable which together with
assimilation with — sa gives some peculiar forms.
1 13. Note. — Reduplication consists of a prefixed syllable
made up according to the following rules : —
(1) If the root begin with a vowel, the reduplication will
consist of that vowel which will unite with the
root according to the regular rules of Sandhi
( See 80).
(2) When the root begins with a consonant, —
the first letter of the reduplication will be that consonant,
except that : —
(a) An aspirate is replaced by its non-aspirate ;
(S) A gutteral is replaced by the corresponding palatal ;
(c) H is replaced by j ;
the vowel of the reduplication will be the vowel of the root,
except that : —
(a) A long vowel is shortened ;
(b) A coming after kh, ch, or s, is changed to i ;
( c ) U is sometimes replaced by a.
N. B. — In the reduplicated stem, the root-vowel is sometimes strengthened.
1 14. The Intensive conjugation -stem is formed by a pecu-
liar reduplication of the root with or without the addition of
a suffix, ya.
In this reduplication, the first consonant of the root is re-
peated according to the regular rules of reduplication ( See
113 ): the vowel is strengthened : a consonant, generally r,
1 =r, or a nasal, taken from the end of the root, may or may
not be inserted between the vowel of the reduplication and
the root : i or i, according as the root begins with a conjunct
or a simple consonant, may or may not be still further inserted
between this final consonant of the reduplication and the root
1 1 5. The Denominative conjugation-stem is formed by add-
ing one of the suffixes, a, aya, aya, iya, or lya, to a noun stem.
1 1 6. Compound Verbal stems are formed from roots to
which adverbs and prepositions have been prefixed.
The prefixed indeclinables are united with the roots accord-
ing to the regular rules assimilation and Sandhi. ( See 77
andfg^ff.)
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INFLECTION OF NOUNS.
*7
C.— INFLECTION.
1 1 7. Inflection is the change a word undergoes to indicate
its relation to other words in a sentence.
I.— INFLECTION OF NOUNS.
1 18. The inflection of nouns, called Declension , consists of
attaching to the stem, certain endings showing difference of
gender, of number, and of case.
N. B. — Pronouns also show a difference of persons.
1 1 9. There are two genders : —
(1) Masculine , considered as male.
(2) Feminine , considered as female.
Nouns not showing gender are called Neuter.
120. There are two numbers : —
(1) Singular , used of only one.
(2) Plural , used of more than one.
1 2 1. There are three persons : —
(1) First Person , used of the speaker.
(2) Second Person , used of that spoken to.
(3) Third Person , used of that spoken of.
122. There are eight cases : —
(1) Nominative , used as subject.
(2) Genitive , showing the relation of.
(3) Dative , showing the relation, to or for.
(4) Accusative , used as object.
(5) Instrumentive , showing the relation, with or by.
(6) Ablative , showing the relation, /rows.
(7) Locative , showing the relation, in, at, on, &c.
(8) Vocative, used in address.
N. B. — Only the more general uses of some of the cases are given above:
others will be learned.
123. In theory there is only one Declension in which the
following regular Case Endings are always joined to the stems
according to the rules of assimilation and Sandhi : —
Singular . Plural.
Nom. — s Nom. — yo
Gen — ssa Gen. — na m
p.g. 3
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i8
PALI GRAMMAR.
Dat.
— ssa
Dat. — na m
— aya
Acc
— 2 MI
Acc. — yo
Ins.
— a
Ins. — hi
Abl.
— sma
* Abl. —hi
Loc.
— smi m
Loc. — su
Voc.
(like stem or nom.)
Voc. (like nc
JV. B, — The real ending of the Dat. Sing., — aya, has been quite generally
displaced by the Gen. Sing., — ssa.
124. In reality there are many changes both in the case
endings and in the adaptation of stems for their attachment.
For convenience, therefore, a variety of Declensions are
recognized, in each of which there is a set of Special Endings
made up of the regular endings variously modified and united
with a part of the stem. In inflection, these special endings
are joined to a constant part of the stem running unmodified
through all the forms and called a base .
A . — VOWEL DECLENSION.
125. There are three regular declensions of nouns in vowel
stems: —
(1) First Declension , having stems ending in a or a.
(2) Second Declension , having stems ending in i or I.
(3) Third Declension , having stems ending in u or u.
126 The following are the Special Endings which joined
to their bases ) make up all the forms of the First Declension: —
Masculine . Feminine . Neuter .
Singular.
Nom
. — 0
— a
— a m
Gen.
— assa
— aya
— assa
Dat
— assa
— aya
— aya
— assa
— aya
Acc.
— am
— am
— a m
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VOWEL DECLENSION.
19
Ins.
— ena
— aya
— ena
Abl.
— a
— asma
— amha
— aya
— a
— asma
— amha
— ato
— ato
Loc.
— e
— aya
— e
— asmi m
— amhi
— aya m
— asmi m
— amhi
Voc.
— a
— a
— a
— a
Plural
— a
Nom. — a
— a
— ayo
— a
— ani
Gen.
— anaw
— ana m
— ana m
Dat.
— ana m
— ana m
— ana m
Acc.
— e
— a
— ayo
— e
—ani
Ins.
— ehi
— ahi
— ehi
— ebhi
— abhi
— ebhi
Abl.
— ehi
— ahi
— ehi
— ebhi
— abhi
— ebhi
Loc.
— esu
— asu
— esu
Voc.
— a
— a
— ayo
— a
— ani
N. B . — Forms in — bhi are mostly poetical. A very old Mas. Plur. Nom.
in — ase occurs.
127. Declension of the Mas . noun, dhammo, stem in — a : —
Singular. Plural.
Nom. dhammo dhamma
Gen dhammassa dhammana/w
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20
PALI GRAMMAR.
Dat.
dhammassa
dhammaya
dhammana///
Acc.
dhammaw
dhamme
Ins.
dhammena
dhammehi
dhammebhi
Abl.
d ham mil
dhammasma
dhammamha
dhammato
dhammehi
dhammebhi
Loc.
dhamme
dhamasmiz/z
dhammamhi
dhammesu
Voc.
dhamma
dhamma
dhamma
Declension of the Fem . noun,
amma stem, in — i
Singular .
Plural.
Nom.
amma
amma
ammayo
Gen.
am may a
ammanam
Dat.
ammaya
ammana/zz
Acc.
ammaw
amma
ammayo
Ins.
ammaya
ammahi
ammabhi
Abl.
ammaya
ammahi
ammabhi
Loc.
ammaya
ammayaw
ammasu
Voc.
amma
amma
amme
amma
ammayo
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VOWEL DECLENSION.
21
129. Declension of the Neut. noun, rajjairi, stem in — a : —
Singular .
Plural .
Nom.
rajjazw
rajja
rajjani
Gen.
rajjasa
rajjana#*
Dat.
rajjassa
rajjaya
rajjana m
Acc.
rajja#*
rajje.
rajjani
Ins.
rajjena
rajjehi
rajjebhi
Abl.
rajja
rajjasma
rajjamha
rajjato
rajjehi
rajjebhi
Loc.
rajje
rajjasmi#*
rajjamhi
rajjesu
Voc.
rajja
rajja
rajjani
130. Declension of the adjective, balo, stems in — a and
Masculine.
Feminine .
Neuter.
Singular.
Nom.
balo
bala
bala m
Gen.
balassa
balaya
balassa
Dat.
balassa
balaya
balassa
balaya
balaya
Acc.
balaw
bala/fl
bala/tt
Ins.
balena
balaya
balena
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zz
PALI GRAMMAR.
Abl.
bala
balaya
bala
balasma
balasma
balamha
balamha
balato
balato
Loc.
bale
balaya
bale
balasmiwz
balaya m
balasmiw
balamhi
balamhi
Voc.
bala
bala
bala
bala
bala
•
bale
Plural.
Nom.
bala
bala
balayo
bala
balani
Gen.
balana m
balana m
balana^
Dat.
balana/tt
balana*#
balanaw
Acc.
bale
bala
balayo
bale
balani
Ins.
balehi
balebhi
balahi
balabhi
balehi
balebhi
Abl.
balehi
balebhi
balabhi
balabhi
balehi
balebhi
Loc.
balesu
balasu
balesu
Voc.
bala
bala
balayo
bala
balani
i 31. Note : — Adjectives ending in — a, — a, and —am } are
entirely regular throughout. The Mas. and Neut. have stems
in — a and the Fem . in — a. All are regularly declined by
adding the appropriate endings of the First Declension.
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VOWEL DECLESION. 1 3
132. The following are the Special Endings of the Second
Declension : —
Masculine. Feminine. Neuter.
Singular.
Nom. — i — I
— i — I
— i
— i m
Gen.
— issa
— ino
— iya
— “issa
— ino
Dat.
— issa
— ino
— iya
— issa
— ino
Acc.
— i m — i m
— ina m
— i m
— i m
Ins.
— ina
— iya
— ina
Abl.
— ina
— isma
— imha
— iya
— ina
— isma
— imha
Loc.
— ismiw
— imhi
— iya
— iya m
— ismi m
— imhi
Voc.
— i — I
— i — I
Plural.
— i
Nom. — i — I
— iyo — ino
— ayo
— I
— iyo
—I
— Ini.
Gen.
— Ina m
— Ina m
— Ina m
Dat.
— Ina m
— maw
— In aw
Acc.
— I — I
— iyo — ino
— ayo
— I
— iyo
— I
— Ini
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24 PALI GRAMMAR.
Ins.
— Ihi
— Ihi
— Ihi
— Ibhi
— Ibhi
— Ibhi
Abl.
— Ihi
— Ihi
— Ihi
— Ibhi
— Ibhi
— Ibhi
Loc.
— 1SU
— Isu
— Isu
Voc.
— I — I
— I
— I
— iyo — ino
— iyo
— Ini
— ayo
Where two sets of endings are given, the first set belongs
to stems in — i; the second, to stems in — I; where only one
set is given it belongs equally to stems in — i and those in — I.
133. Note. — Rare forms are : —
A Mas. Smg. Ins. in — ena.
A Mas. Sing. Abl. in — ito.
A Mas. Sing. Loc. in — e and in — o.
A Mas. Sing. Voc. in — e.
A Fem. Sing. Acc. in — iya m.
A Fem. Sing. Abl. in — ito.
A Fem . Plur . Gen. in — iyana m.
134. Note. — Feminine endings when following a dental
mute, may drop i before y which then may remain in conjunc-
tion or assimilate according to regular rules. See 77 (7).
135. Declension of the Mas. noun, aggi, stem in — i : —
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.
aggi
aggi
aggiyo
aggayo
Gen.
aggissa
aggino
agglna/#
Dat.
aggissa
aggino
agglnaw.
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VOWEL DECLENSION.
25
Acc.
aggiw*
aggi
aggiyo
aggayo
Ins.
aggina
aggihi
aggibhi
Abl.
aggisma
aggihi
aggimha
aggibhi
Loc.
aggismi/w
aggimhi
agglsu
Voc.
aggi
aggi
aggiyo
aggayo
136. Declension of Mas . noun, senani, stem in — I : —
Singular . Plural .
Nom.
senani
senani
senanino
Gen.
senanissa
senanino
senanlna/w
Dat.
senanissa x
senanino
senanlna/w
Acc.
senaniw*
senani
senanino
Ins.
senanina
senanlhi
senanlbhi
Abl.
senanisma
senanlhi
senanimha
senanlbhi
Loc.
senanismiw/
senanimhi
senanlsu
Voc.
senani
senani
senanino
p.g. 4
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26
PALI GRAMMAR.
137. Declension of the Fern . noun, jati, stefti in — i : —
Singular .
Plural .
Nom. jati
jati
jatiyo
jatyo
jacco
*
Gen. jatiya
jatya
jacca
jatlnara
Dat. jatiya
jatya
jacca
jatlna m
Acc. jatiw
jati
jatiyo
jatyo
jacco
Ins. jatiya
jatya
jacca
jatlhi
jatlbhi
Abl. jatiya
jatya
jacca
/
jatlhi
jatlbhi
Loc. jatiya
jatya
jacca
jatiya tn
jatyaw
jacca m
jatlsu
Voc. jati
jati
jatiyo
jatyo
jacco
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VOWEL DECLENSION,
27
138. Declension of the Fern, noun, nadi, stem in — I : —
Singular .
Plural
Nom.
nadi
nadi
nadiyo
nadyo
najjo
Gen.
nadiya
nadya
najja
nadlna m
Dat.
nadiya
nadya
najja
nadlna m
Acc.
nadira
nadi
nadiyo
najjo
Ins.
nadiya
nadlhi
jiadya
najja
nadlbhi
Abl.
nadiya
nadlhi
nadya
najja
nadlbhi
Loc.
nadiya
nadya
najja
nadiya m
nadya/»
najja**
nadlsu
Voc.
nadi
nadi
nadiyo
nadyo
najjo
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2 $
PALI GRAMMAR.
139. Declension of the Neut. noun, akkhi, stem in — i : —
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.
akkhi
akkhi
akkiw
akkhlni
Gen.
akkhissa
akkhino
akkhlnaw
Dat.
akkhissa
akkhino
akkhlnazw
Acc.
akkhi tn
akkhi
akkhlni
Ins.
akkhina
akkhihi
akkhibhi
Abl.
akkhina
akkhihi
akkhisma
akkhimha
akkhibhi
Loc.
akkhismitf*
akkhimhi
akkhisu
Voc.
akkhi
akkhi
akkhlni
140. Note. — Stems in — in, though really belonging to the
Consonant Declension, follow the declension of stems in — I
Mas. and — i Neut. They take regularly an additional Sing.
Loc. in — ini; rare forms are : —
A Mas Nom. Sing, in — i and Plur. in — iyo.
A Mas. Plur. Acc. in — iye.
141. Declension of the Mas. noun, dandi, stem in — in : —
Singular. Plural.
Nom. dandi • dandi
dandino
Gen. dandissa dandlna/w
dandino
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VOWEL DECLENSION.
29
Dat.
dandissa
dandino
dandina/0
Acc.
dandi m
dandinaw
dandi
dandino
Ins.
dandina
dandihi
dandibhi
Abl.
dandina
dandisma
dandimha
dandihi
dandibhi
Loc.
dandini
dandismiz»
dandimhi
dandisu
Voc.
dandi
dandi
dandino
142. Declension of the Neut. noun, atthi, stem in — in : —
Singular. Plural .
Nom.
atthi
atthi
atthi/w
atthini
Gen.
atthissa
atthino
atthinaw*
Dat.
atthissa
atthino
atthina/w
Acc.
atthi/w
atthi
atthini
Ins.
atthina
atthihi
atthibhi
Abl.
atthina
atthihi
atthisma
atthimha
atthibhi
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30
PALI GRAMMAR,
Loc.
atthini
atthismi/tf
atthimhi
atthlsu
Voc.
atthi
atthi
atthini
143. Declension of the Adjective, hari, stem in — i : —
Masculine . Feminine . Neuter .
Singular.
Nom.
hari
harinl
hari
Gen.
harissa
harino
hariniya
harissa
harino
Dat.
harissa
harino
hariniya
#
harissa
harino
Acc.
harizw
hariniw
harizw
Ins.
harina
hariniya
harina
Abl.
harina
harisma
harimha
hariniya
harina
harisma
4 harimha
Loc.
harismi/H
harimhi
hariniya
hariniyazw
harismizw
harimhi
Voc.
hari
harinl
hari
Plural.
Nom,
har!
hariyo
harayo
harinl
hariniyo
hari
harlni
Gen.
harina m
harinlnazw
harinazw
Dat.
harlna/w
harinlnazw
harlnazw
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VOWEL DECLESION.
31
Acc.
harl
hariyo
harayo
harinl
hariniyo
harl
harlni
Ins.
harlhi
harlbhi
harihlhi
harinlbhi
harlhi
harlbhi
Abl.
harlhi
harlbhi
harinihi
harinlbhi
harlhi
harlbhi
Loc.
harisu
harinlsu
harisu
Voc.
hari
hariyo
harayo
harinl
hariniyo
harl
harlni
144. Declension of the Adjective, vadi,
stem in — in : —
Masculine .
Feminine .
Neuter .
Singular.
Nom.
vadi
vadini
vadi
Gen.
vadissa
vadino
vadiniya
vadissa
vadino
Dat.
vadissa
vadino
vadiniya
vadissa
vadino
Acc.
vadi m
vadina*#
vadini m
vadi m
Ins.
vadina
vadiniya
vadina
Abi.
vadina
vadisma
vadimha
vadiniya
vadina
vadisma
vadhima
Loc.
vadini
vadismi;#
vadimhi
vadiniya
vadiniyaw
vadini
vadismi/w
vadimhi
Voc.
vadi
vadini
vadi
Digitized by LjOoq le
32
PALI GRAMMAR.
Plural.
Nom.
vadl
vadino
vadinl
vadiniyo
vadl
vadlni
Gen.
vadlnaw
vadinlnaw
vadlna m
Dat.
vadlnaw
vadinlnara
vadlnaw
Acc.
vadl
vadino
vadinl
vaniniyo
vadl
vadlni
Ins.
vadihi
vadibhi
vadinlhi
vadinlbhi
vadihi
vadibhi
Abl.
vadihi
vadibhi
vadinlhi
vadinlbhi
vadihi
vadibhi
Loc.
vadlsu
vadinlsu
vadlsu
Voc.
vadl
vadinl
vadl
154. Note . — Adjectives ending in — i have Mas and Neut .
stems in — i ; the Fern, is formed by adding — nl to the Mas .
stem ; all are regularly declined by adding the appropriate
Special Endings of the Second Declension.
Adjectives ending in — I really belong to the Consonantal
Declension, having Mas. and Neut . stems in — in which are
declined according to 140 : the Fem . is formed from the Mas.
stem by adding — 1 and is declined with the appropriate
Special Endings of the Second Declension.
146. The following are the Special Endings of the Third
Declension : —
Masculine .
Feminine.
Neuter.
Singular.
Nom. — u — u
— u — u
— u
— um
Gen. — ussa
— uno
— uya
— ussa
— uno
Digitized by CjOOQ le
VOWEL DECLENSION.
Dat. — ussa
— uya
—ussa
— uno
— uno
Acc. — u m
— u m
— u m
Ins. — un&
— uya
— imi
Abl. — una
— -usma
— umha
— uya
— una
— usml
— umha
Loc. — usmi/w
— umhi
— uya
— uyaw
— usmifli
— umhi
Voc. — u — u
— u — u
— u
Plural.
Nom. — u — u
— u
— u
— avo — uvo
— uyo
— uni
Gen. — una*»
— una m
— una m
Dat. — una m
— una m
— una m
Acc. — u — u
— u
— u
— : avo — uvo
— uyo
— uni
Ins. — uhi
— iibhi
— uhi
— ubhi
— uhi
— ubhi
Abl. — uhi
— ubhi
— uhi
— ubhi
— uhi
— ubhi
Loc. — usu
— usu
— usu
Voc. — u — u
— u
> — u
— avo — uvo
— uyo
— uni
147. Note. — Rare forms are : —
Mas. Sing. Gen
. in — 0 or — u,
Mas P/u . Nom.
. in — uno and
uyo.
Mas . P/u. Gen.
and Dat . in —
-unna^i.
Fem . Sing. AbZ.
in — uto.
Fern . P/u. Nom . In — uvo.
p.g. 5
Digitized by LjOoq le
34
PALI GRAMMAR.
148. Declension of the Mas . noun, bhikkhu, stem in — u : —
Singular .
Plural.
Nom.
bhikkhu
bhikkhu
bhikkhavo
Gen.
bhikkhussa
bhikkhuno
bhikkhuna#*
Dat.
bhikkhussa
bhikkhuno
bhikkhuna#*
Acc.
bhikkhu#*
bhikkhu
bhikkhavo
Ins.
bhikkhuna
bhikkhuhi
bhikkhubhi
Abl.
bhikkhuna
bhikkhusma
bhikkhumha
bhikkhuhi
bhikkhubhi
Loc.
bhikkhusmi#*
bhikkhumhi
bhikkhusu
Voc.
bhikkhu
bhikkhu
bhikkhavo
Declension of Mas. noun,
pabhu, stem in — u : —
Singular .
Plural.
Nom.
pabhu
pabhu
pabhuvo
Gen.
pabhussa
pabhuno
pabhuna#*
Dat.
pabhussa
pabhuno
pabhuna#*
Acc.
pabhu#*
pabhu
pabhuvo
Digitized by LjOoq le
VOWEL DECLENSION.
Ins.
pabhuna
pabhuhi
pabhubhi
Abl.
pabhuna
pabhuhi
pabhusma
pabhumha
pabhubhi
Loc.
pabhusmi#?
pabhumhi
pabhusu
Voc.
pabhu
pabhu
pabhu vo
Declension of the Fern, noun, deiiu,
stem in — u
Singular .
Plural
Nonj.
dhenu
dhenu
dhenuyo
Gen.
dhenuya
dhenu na;#
Dat.
dhenuya
dhenuna#*
Acc.
dhenu#*
dhenu
dhenuyo
Ins*
dhenuya
dhenuhi
dhenubhi
Abl.
dhenuya
dhenuhi
dhenubhi
Loc.
dhenuya
dhenuya#*
dhenusu
Voc.
dhenu
dhenu
dhenuyo
1 5 1. Declension of the Fem. noun, vadhu, stem in — u
Singular . Plural
Nom. vadhu ; vadhu
vadhuyo
Digitized by LjOoq le
3 *
PALI GRAMMAR.
Geo.
vadhuya
vadhuna#?
Dat.
vadhuya
vadhuna#?
Acc.
vadhu#?
vadhu
vadhuyo
Ins.
vadhuya
vadhuhi
vadhubhi
Abl.
vadhuya
vadhuhi
vadhubhi
Loc.
vadhuya
vadhuya#?
vadhusu
Voc.
vadhu
vadhu
vadhuyo
Declension of the NeuL noun,
cakkhu, stem in — u
Singular .
Plural.
Nom.
cakkhu
cakkhu#?
cakkhu
cakkhuni
Gen.
cakkhussa
cakkhuno
cakkhuna#?
Dat.
cakkhussa
cakkhuno
cakkhuna#?
Acc.
cakkhu#?
•
cakkhu
cakkhuni
Ins.
cakkhuna
cakkhuhi
cakkhubhi
AW.
cakkhuna
cakkhusma
cakkhumha
cakkhuhi
cakkhubhi
Digitized by LjOoq le
VOWEL DECLENSION.
37
Loc. cakkhusmi/» cakkhusu
cakkhumhi
Voc. cakkhu cakkhu
cakkuni
153-
Declension of the Adjective, garu,
stem in — u : —
Masculine.
Feminine.
Neuter .
Singular/
Nom.
garu
garuni
garu
Gen.
garussa
garuno
garuniya
garussa
garuno
Dat.
garussa
garuno
gauniya
garussa
garuno
Acc.
garuoz
garuni#*
garu#*
Ins.
garuna
garuniya
garuna
Abl.
garuna
garusma
garumha
garuniya
garuna
garusma
garumha
Loc.
garusmiwz
garumhi
garuniya
garuniya#*
garusmi#*
garumhi
Voc.
garu
garuni
garu
Plural.
Nom.
garu
garavo
garuni
garuniyo
garu
garuni
Gen.
garunawz
garunina#*
garuna#z
Dat.
garuna/w
garunlna#z
garuna#*
Acc.
garu
garavo
garuni
garuniyo
garu
garuni
Digitized by kjOOQle
3 »
PALI GRAMMAR,
Ins.
garuhi
garubhi
garunlhi
garunibhi
garuhi
garubhi
Abl.
garuhi
garubhi
garunlhi
garunibhi
garuhi
garubhi
Loc.
garusu
garunlsu
garusu
Voc.
garu
garavo
garunl
garuniyo
garu
garuni
1 54-
Declension of the Adjective, abhibhu,
stem, in — u : —
Masculine.
Feminine .
Neuter .
Singular.
Nom.
abhibhu
abhibhunl
abhibhu
Gen.
abhibhussa
abhibhuno
abhibhuniya
abhibhussa
abhibhuno
Dat.
abhibhussa
abhibhuno
abhibhuniya
abhibhussa
abhibhuno
Acc.
abhibhu/#
abhibhuni/#
abhibhu/#
Ins.
abhibhuna
abhibhuniya
abhibhuna
Abl.
abhibhuna
abhibhusma
abhibhumha
abhibhuniya
abhibhuna
abhibhusma
abhibhumha
Loc.
abhibhusmi/#
abhibhumhi
abhibhuniya
abhibhuniya/#
abhibhusmi/#
abhibhumhi
Voc.
abhibhu
abhibhunl
abhibhu
Plural.
Nom.
abhibhu
abhibhuvo
abhibhunl
abhibhuniyo
abhibhu
abhibhuni
Gen.
abhibhuna/#
abhibhunlna/#
abhibhuna/#
Digitized by LjOoq le
DIPHTHONGAL DECLESION.
39
Dat.
abhibhuna/w
abhibhunlnaw
abhibhuna^
Acc.
abhibhu
abhibhuvo
abhibhuni
abhibhuniyo
abhibhu
* abhibhuni
Ins.
abhibhuhi
abhibhubhi
abhibhunihi
abhibhunibhi
abhibhuhi
abhibhubhi
Abl.
abhibhuhi
abhibhubhi
abhibhunihi
abhibhunibhi
abhibhuhi
abhibhubhi
Loc.
abhibhusu
abhibhunlsu
abhibhusu
Voc.
abhibhu
abhibhuvo
abhibhuni
abhibhuniyo
abhibhu
abhibhuni
155. Note. — Adjectives ending in — u and — u, have Mas.
and Neut. stem in — u and — u ; and are regularly declined
by adding the appropriate Special Endings of the Third
Declension: the Fem. is formed from the Mas. stem by adding
— ni, before which — u always shortens: the Fem. is declined
with the Special Endings of the Second Declension : —
B . — DIPHTHONGAL DECLENSION.
156. With the exception of go ) diphthongal stems have
disappeared from Pali.
t 57. Declension of the Mas. noun, go, stem in — o : —
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.
go
gavo
gavo
Gen.
gavassa
gava/w
gavassa
gonazw
gunnaw
Dat.
gavassa
gavaw
gavassa
gonaw
gunna#z
Digitized by LjOoq le
4 o
PALI GRAMMAR.
Acc.
gam
gavo
gavam
g$,vam
gavu m
gavo
Ins.
gavena
gohi
gavena
gobhi
Abl.
gava
gohi
gava
gavasma
gavasma
gavamha
gobhi
gavamha
Loc.
gave
gosu
gave
gavesu
gavasmi^
gavasmio*
gavamhi
gavamhi
gavesu
Voc.
go
gavo
gavo
C — CONSONANTAL DECLENSION.
158 Excepting Adjectives in — ma and — va, stems in
— mant and — vant, there are comparatively few words belong-
ing to the Consonantal Declension. Moreover, most of these
words seem to follow two declensions — taking the endings of
the Vowel Declensions in most of their forms while having
peculiar endings in only a few of their forms.
159. Declension of the Mas. noun attd , stem in — an : —
Singular. Plural.
Nom. atta attano
Gen. attano attana m
attana m
Digitized by CrOOQle
CONSONANTAL DECLENSION.
4 *
Dat.
attano
attana#?
attana#?
Acc.
attana#?
atfano
attana#?
atta m
attano
Ins.
attana
attanehi
attena
attanebhi
attehi
attebhi
Abl.
attana
attanehi
attasma
attanebhi
attamha
attehi
attebhi
Loc.
attani
attasmi#?
attanesu
attamhi
Voc.
atta
atta
attano
1 6o. Declension of the Mas . noun, brahma, stem in —an : —
Singular . Plural .
Nom.
brahma
brahmano
Gen.
brahmuno
brahmassa
brahmuna#?
brahmana#?
Dat.
j brahmuno
brahmassa
brahmuna#?
brahmana#?
Acc.
brahman a#?
brahma#?
brahmano
brahmano
Ins.
brahmuna
brahmana
brahmehi
brahmebhi
Abl.
brahmuna
brahmana
brahmasma
brahmehi
brahmbhi
P.G.
6
Digitized by LjOoq le
i?
PALI GRAMMAR.
Loc. brahmuni brahmesu
brahmani
brahmasmim
Voc. brahme brahmano
161. Declension of the Mas . noun, raja, stem in — an : —
Singular .
Plural .
Nom.
raja
rajano
Gen.
rajassa
raj ana#*
rajino
rajuna#*
rafifto
rafifta#*
Dat.
rajassa
raj an a#*
rajino
rajuna#*
rafifto
rafifta#*
Acc.
raja#*
raj an a#*
rajano
Ins.
rajena
rajehi
rafifta
rajebhi
rajuhi
rajfibhi
Abl.
rajasma
rajehi
rafina
rajebhi
rajuhi
rajubhi
Loc.
raj ini
rajesu
raftfti
raftne
rajusu
Voc.
raja
raja
rajano
Digitized by
Google
CONSONANTAL DECLENSION. 4$
162. Declension of the Mas. noun, puma, stem in — an : —
Singular .
Plural .
Nom.
puma
pumano
Gen.
pumassa
pumuno
pumana#*
Dat.
pumassa
pumuno
pumana#*
Acc.
puma#*
pumana#*
pumano
Ins.
pumena
pumanehi
pumuna
pumana
pumanebhi
Abl.
pumuna
pumanehi
pumanebhi
Loc.
pume
pumesu
pumasmi#*
pumamhi
pumane
pumasu
Voc.
puma
puma#*
pumano
163. Declension of the Mas* noun, sa, stem in — an : —
Singular.
Plural ,
Nom,
sa
sa
sano
Gen,
sassa
sana#*
Dat.
sassa
sana#*
saya
Acc.
sa#*
se
sana#*
Digitized by Google
44
Ins. . sena
PALI GRAMMAR.
sahi
sabhi
Abl.
sa
sahi
sasma
sabhi
samha
Loc.
se
sasu
sasmi m
samhi
Voc.
sa
sa
164. Declensions in — in have already been given.
See 140 ff.
165. Declension of the Mas . noun, sattha, stem in — ar
frtj:—
Singular. Plural .
Nom.
sattha
sattharo
Gen.
satthu
satthanaw
satthussa
sattharanaw
Dat.
satthu
satthanaw
satthussa
sattharanam
Acc.
sattharawi
satthare
sattharam
sattharo
Ins.
satthara
sattharehi
satthara
sattharebhi
satthuna
Abl.
satthara
sattharehi
satthara
sattharebhi
Loc.
satthari
sattharesu
Voc.
sattha
sattha
sattharo
Digitized by LjOoq le
CONSONANTAL DECLENSION. 45
1 66. Declension of the Mas. noun, pita stem in — ar (ri ) : —
Singular, Plural,
Nom.
pita
pitaro
Gen.
pitu
pitana m
pitussa
pitarana/w
pituno
pitunaw
pittunna/w
Dat.
pitu
pitanaw
pitussa
pitarana*#
pituno
pitunaw
pitunnaw
Acc.
pitaraw
pitaro
pitu m
pitare
Ins.
pitara
pitarehi
pituna
pitarebhi
pituhi
pitubhi
Abl.
pitara
pitarehi
pitu
pitarebhi
pituhi
piubhi
Loc.
pitari
pitaresu
pituso
Voc.
pita
pitaro
pita
167. Declension of the Fem . noun,
(ri)
matu, stem in
Singular.
Plural .
Nom.
mata
mataro
Gen.
matu
mat an aw
matuya
mataranaw
matyi
matunaw
matunnaor
Digitized by Google
4 6
PALI GRAMMAR.
Dat.
matu
matana m
matuya
mataranawr
matya
matuna^f
matunnam
Acc.
matara#*
mataro
matare
Ins.
matura
matarehi
matuya
matarebhi
matya
matuhi
matubhi
Abl.
matura
matarehi
matuya
matarebhi
matya
matuhi
matubhi
Loc.
matari
mataresu
matuya
matya
matuya m
matya m
matusu
Voc.
mata
mata
mataro
1 68. Declension of the Mas . noun, sakha, stem irregular : —
Singular .
Plural .
Nom. sakha
sakhayo
sakhano
sakhino
Gen. sakhissa
sakharana*#
sakhino
sakhlnawi
Dat. sakhissa
sakharana#*
sakhino
sakhina/w
Digitized by LjOoq le
CONSONANTAL DECLENSION.
47
Acc.
sakha/ft
sakhanazw
sakharao*
sakhayo
sakhano
sakhino
sakhi
Ins.
sakhina
#
sakharehi
sakharebhi
sakhehi
sakhebhi
Abl.
sakhina
sakharehi
sakharebhi
sakhehi
sakhebhi
Loc.
sakhe
sakharesu
sakhesu
Voc.
sakha
sakha
sakhi
sakhi
sakhe
sakhayo
sakhano
sakhino
169. Declension of the Neut. noun, mano, stem in — as : —
Singular . Plural .
Nom. mano
manaiK
Gen. manaso
manassa
Dat. manaso
manassa
Acc. mano
manam
Ins. manasa
manena
Digitized by LjOoq le
4 8
PALI GRAMMAR.
Abl. manasa
manasma
manamha
Loc. manasi
mane
manasmiw
manamhi
Voc. mano
mana m
N, B . — Mano is not used in the plural : other words in —as have the plu-
ral declined with the endings of the First Declension.
170 Declension of the Neut. noun, ayu, stem in — us : —
Singular .
Plural .
Nom.
ayu
ayu
ayu m
ayu m
Gen.
ayussa
ayunam
ayuno
ayusazw
Dat.
ayussa
ayuna m
ayuno
ayusa m
Acc.
ayu
ayu
ayu m
ayuni
Ins.
ayusa
ayuhi
ayuna
ayubhi
Abl.
iyusa
ayuhi
ayuna
ayubhi
Loc.
ayusi
ayuni
ayusu
Voc.
ayu
ayu
ayu m
ayuni
Digitized by LjOoq le
CONSONANTAL DECLENSION.
49
1 71. Declension of the Mas. noun, bhava m ) stem in — ant
or — at : —
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.
bhavara
bhavanta
bhavanto
bhonto
Gen.
bhavantassa
bhavato
bhoto
Dat.
bhavantassa
bhavato
bhoto
Acc.
bhavantaw*
bhotazw
bhavante
bhonte
Ins.
bhavantena
bhavata
bhota
Abl.
Loc.
bhavata
bhota
Voc.
bho
bhonto
bhavanto
bhonto
172. Declension of the Adjective, maha, stem in — ant or
— at : —
Masculine.
Feminine.
Neuter .
Singular.
Nom. maha
mahanto
mahatl
mahantl
maha m
manantaai
Gen. mahato
mahantassa
mahatiya
mahantiya
mahato
mahantassa
p.g. 7
•
Digitized by (jjOO^L
PA LI GRAMMAR.
5°
Dat.
mahato
mahantassa
mahatiya
mahantiya
Acc.
mahanta/w
mahatiw
mahanti//*
Ins.
mahata
mahantena
mahatiya
mahantiya
Abl.
mahata
mahantasma
mahantamha
mahatiya
mahantiya
Loc.
mahati
mahante
mahantasmiftz
mahantamhi
mahatiya
mahatiya//*
mahantiya
mahantiya//*
Voc.
maha
mahati
maha
mahanti
mahara
Plural.
Nom. mahanta mahati
mahanto
mahatiyo
mahanti
mahantiyo
Gen.
mahata//*
mahantana//*
mahatma//*
mahantina//*
Dat.
mahata m
mahantana//*
mahatma//*
mahantina//*
Acc.
mahanta
mahanto
mahati
mahatiyo
mahanti
mahantiyo
Ins.
mahantehi
mahantebhi
mahatihi
mahatibhi
mahantlhi
mahantlbhi
mahato
mahantassa
maha m
mahantaw
mahata
mahantena
mahata
mahantasma
mahantamha
mahati
mahante
irahantasmiw*
mahantamhi
maha
maha
mahati
mahanta
mahantani
mahataiw
mahantana/w
mahataw
mahantana/w
mahanta
mahantani
mahantehi
mahantebhi
Digitized by LjOoq le
CONSONANTAL DECLENSION.
51
Abl.
mahantehi
mahantebhi
mahatihi
mahatibhi
mahantihi
mahantibhi
mahantehi
mahantebhi
Loc.
mahantesu
mahatisu
mahantisu
mahantesu
Voc.
mahanta
mahanto
mahatl
mahatiyo
mahanti
mahantiyo
mahanta
mahanto
•
173-
• — vat
Declension of the Adjective, gunava
, stem in -*-vant
Masculine .
Feminine.
Singular.
Neuter.
Nom.
gunava
gunavanto
gunavati
gunavanti
gunavaw
gunavantaw
Gen.
gunavato
gunavantassa
gunavatiya
gunavantiya
gunavato
gunavantassa
Dat.
gunavato
gunavantassa
gunavatiya
gunavantiya
gunavato
gunavantassa
Acc.
gunavaw
gu 11 a van taw
gunavatiw
gunavantiw
gunavaw
gunavantaw
Ins.
gunavata
gunavantena
gunavatiya
gunavantiya
gunvata
gunavantena
Abl.
gunavata
g una van tasma
gunavantamha
gunavatiya
gunavantiya
gunavata
gunavantasma
gunavantamha
Loc.
gunavati
gunavantasmiw
gunavantamhi
gunavatiya
gunavatiyaw
gunavantiya
gunavati
gunavantasmiw
gunavantamhi
gunavantiyaw
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52
PALI GRAMMAR.
Voc.
gunava
gunava
gunava/w
gunavati
gunavanti
gunava
gunava
gunava/w
Plural.
Nom.
gunavanta
gunavanto
gunavanti
gunavatiyo
gunavanti
gunavantiyo
gunavanta
gunavantani
Gen.
gunavata/w
gunavantana/w
gunavatinaw
gunavantina/w
gunavataw*
gunavantanaw
Dat.
gunavata/w
gunavantanaw
gunavatina/w
gunavantina/w
gunavata/»
gunavantana#*
Acc.
gunavante
gunavati
gunavatiyo
gunavanti
gunavantiyo
gunavanta
gunavantani
Ins.
gunavantehi
gunavantebhi
gunavatihi
gunavatibhi
gunavantihi
gunavantibhi
gunavantehi
gunavantebhi
Abl.
gunavantehi
gunavantebhi
gunavatihi
gunavatibhi
gunavantihi
gunavantibhi
gunavantehi
gunavantebhi
Loc.
gunavantesu
gunavatisu
gunavantisu
gunavantesu
Voc.
gunavanta
gunavanto
gunavati
gunavatiyo
gunavanti
gunavantiyo
gunavanta
gunavantani
Digitized by LjOoq le
COMPARISON. 53
174. Declension of the Adjective, hetuma, stem in — mant
or — mat : —
Masculine.
Feminine.
Neuter .
Nom. hetuma
hetumanto
hetumatl
hetumanti
hetumaw
hetumanta/H
Gen. hetumato
hetumantassa
hetumatiya
hetumantiya
hetumato
hetumantassa
&c.
&c.
&c.
The declension of Adjectives in — ma follows that of Adjec-
tives in — va except that m replaces v in all the endings
175. Note . — In all Adjectives of Consonantal Declension,
the Mas. and Neut. have Consonantal stems: the Fem. is
formed from the Mas. stem by adding —I and is declined
with the endings of the Second Declension.
COMPARISON.
176. Adjectives have three degrees of Comparison : —
(1) Positive , expressing the simple quality.
(2) Comparative , expressing a higher or lower de-
gree of the quality.
(3) Superlative , expressing the highest or lowest
degree of the quality.
177. The Comparative stem is formed from the stem of
the Positive by adding a suffix — tara or — iya. It is regular-
ly declined with the Special Endings of the First Declension.
178. The Superlative Stem is formed from the stem of the
Positive by adding a suffix, — tama, — ittha, or — issaka. It is
regularly declined with the Special Endings of the First
Declension.
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54
PALI GRAMMAR.
179. Note . — Adjectives of Consonantal Declension have
secondary stems. When these Adjectives are compared, they
generally, not always, drop the secondary suffixes, — ant, — at;
— vant, — vat; — mant, — mat, before taking the Comparative
and Superlative suffixes which are then added directly to the
remaining primary stem.
180. The Comparative and Superlative of some Adjectives
are made from a stem entirely different from that of the
Positive : e.g.
Positive.
Comparative .
Superlative .
antika
nediya
nedittha
bajha
sadhiya
sadittha
vuddha
jeyya
jettha
appa
kaniya
kanittha
pasattha
seyya
settha
NUMERALS.
1 8 1 . Table of Numerals : —
Cardinals.
Ordinals.
1.
eko
pathamo
2.
dve
dutiyo
3 -
tayo
tatiyo
4 -
cattaro
catuttho, turiyo
5 *
panca
pancatho, pancamo
6.
cha
chattho, chamo
7 .
satta
sattho, sattamo
8.
attha
atthamo
9 *
nava
navamo
10.
dasa
dasamo
Digitized by UrOOQle
NUMERALS.
55
11.
ekarasa, ekadasa
ekarasamo
12.
barasa, dvarasa
barasamo
! 3 -
tedasa, terasa, telasa
tedasamo
14.
catuddasa, cuddasa,
coddasa
catuddasamo
15.
paricadasa, pannarasa,
pannarasa
pancadasamo
16.
solasa, sorasa
solasamo
! 7 *
sattadassa, sattarasa
sattadasamo
18.
atthadasa, attharasa
atthadasamo
19 -
ekunavisati, ekunavlsa/w
ekunavisatimo
20.
visati, vis aw
visatimo
21.
ekavisati, ekavisaw
ekavisatimo
22.
dva visati
dvavisatimo
23 -
te visati
tevisatimo
24.
catuvisati
catuvisatimo
25.
pancavisati
panca visatimo
26.
chabbisati
chabbisatimo
27.
sattabisati, satavisati
satablsatimo
28.
atthavisaw
atta visati mo
29.
ekunatiwsati, ekuna
tiwsaw
ekunatiwsatimo
30.
tiwsati, tiwsaw
timsatimo
3 i-
ekatiwsati
ekatiwsatimo
32 .
dvattimsati
dvattiwsatimo
40.
cattalisaw, cattarisaw
cattalisatimo
5 °-
pannasa, pannasaw
paftriasamo
60.
satthi
satthimo
70.
sattati
sattatimo
80.
asiti
asitimo
90.
navuti
navutimo
100.
sataw
satamo
200.
basataw dvasatam
basatamo
1000.
sahassaw
sahassamo
Digitized by LjOoq le
PALI GRAMMAR.
5 6
10000. dasasahassaw dasasahassamo
iooooo. satasahassaw satasahassamo
ioooooooo. koti kotimo
182. The Ordinals have stems in — a and — a : and are
regularly declined with the Special Endings of the First
Declension. The Cardinals are somewhat irregular in their
declension.
183 Declension of Eko : —
Masculine.
Feminine.
Neuter .
Singular.
Nom.
Gen.
eko
ekassa
eka
ekissa
ekissaya
eka m
ekassa
Dat.
ekassa
ekissa
ekissaya
ekassa
Acc
eka m
ekaw
eka m
Ins.
ekena
ekaya
ekena
Abl.
ekasma
ekamha
ekaya
ekasma
ekamha
Loc.
ekasmiw
ekamhi
ekaya
ekissaw
ekasmi/w
ekamhi
Voc.
eka
eke
eka
Plural.
Nom.
eke
eka
ekayo
ekani
Gen.
ekesaw
ekasa m
ekesa/w
Dat.
ekesa m
ekasa m
ekesaiw
Digitized by LjOoq le
NUMERALS.
57
Acc.
eke
eka
ekayo
ekani
Ins.
ekehi
ekahi
ekehi
ekebhi
ekabhi
ekebhi
Abl.
ekehi
ekahi
ekehi
ekebhi
ekabhi
ekebhi
Loc.
ekesu
ekasu
ekesu
Voc.
eke
eka
ekayo
ekani
N. B . — Eko is frequently used with the force of the indefinite article
(See 14); in this sense and as a Numeral proper, it can be used in the Sing.
only. In the Plur. it is used as a pronominal adjct. with the force of “ ones”
or “some.”
184. Declension of dve : —
N. B . — An old dual form, ubho, meaning. “ both,” is very closely related to
dve and follows it rather closely in declension. There is but one set of forms
for all genders and the words are used, of course, only in the Plural.
Nom.
dve
ubho
duve
ubhe
Gen.
dvinnaw
duvinnaw
ubhinnaiw
Dat.
dvinnaw
duvinna/w
ubhinnaiw
Acc.
dve
ubho
duve
ubhe
Ins.
dvihi
ubhohi
dvibhi
ubhobhi
ubhehi
ubhebhi
Abl.
dvihi
ubhohi
dvibhi
ubhobhi
ubhehi
ubhebhi
Loc.
dvlsu
ubhosu
ubhesu
P.G.
8
Digitized by LjOoq le
PALI GRAMMAR.
58
185. Declension of tayo : —
Masculine .
Feminine.
Neuter .
Nom.
tayo
tisso
tini
Gen.
tinna m
tinnannaw
tissanna/#
tinna m
tinnannazzz
Dat.
tinna#*
tinnannaz#
tissanna#*
tinna m
tinnannazzz
Acc.
tayo
tisso
tini
Ins.
tlhi
tihi
tihi
tlbhi
tibhi
tibhi
Abl.
tihi
tihii
tihi
tibhi
tibhi
tibhi
Loc.
tisu
tisu
tisu
186.
Declension of cattaro, caturo : —
Masculine .
Feminine .
Neuter .
Nom.
cattaro
caturo
catasso
catari
Gen.
catunna#*
catassannaz#
catunna/z*
Dat.
catunna#z
catassannazzz
catunnazzz
Acc.
cattaro
caturo
catasso
catari
Ins.
catubbhi
catubbhi
catubbhi
catuhi
catuhi
catuhi
catubhi
catubhi
catubhi
Abl.
catubbhi
catubbhi
catubbhi
catuhi
catuhi
catuhi
catubhi
catubhi
catubhi
Loc.
catusu
catusu
catusu
Digitized by LjOoq le
PRONOUNS.
59
187. Declension of panca : —
All Genders.
Norn.
panca
Gen.
pancannaw
Dat.
pancannaw
Acc.
panca
Ins.
pancahi
Abl.
pancahi
Loc.
pancasu
188. Note . — All Cardinals in — a, follow the declension of
panca: those in — i, the declension of feminine nouns in — i:
those in — a w, the declension of Neuter nouns in — aw : —
PRONOUNS.
189. Declension of the First Personal Pronoun, ahaw : —
All Genders
Singular •
Plural .
Nom.
ahaw
amhe
may aw
vayaw
Gen
mama
amhaw
and
mamaw
amhakaw
Dat.
may a;;/
amhaw
Acc.
maw
asme
mamaw
amhe
amhakaw
Digitized by UrOOQle
6o
PALI GRAMMAR.
amhehi
amhebhi
Ins. may a
and
Abl.
Loc. mayi amhesu
N B . — The Sing, form, me, and the Plur. form, no, are often used in the
oblique cases
190. Declension of the Second Personal Pronoun, tva#* : —
All Genders .
Nom.
tva/»
tuva#*
tumhe
Gen.
tava
tumha#*
and
tava#*
tumhaka#*
Dat.
tuyha#*
tumha tn
Acc.
tva m
tumhe
tuva#*
tarn
tava tn
tumhaka#*
Ins.
tvaya
tumhehi
and
Abl.
taya
tumhebhi
Loc.
tvayi
tumhesu
tayi
N. B. — The Sing, form, te ; and the Plur. form, vo, are often used in the
oblique cases.
Digitized by Google
PRONOUNS.
61
1 9 1. Declension of the Demonstrative Pronoun, so : —
Masculine • Feminine . Neuter .
Singular.
Nom.
so
sa
sa
ta m
tad
Gen.
tassa
taya
tassa
and
Dat.
assa
tassa
tassaya
tissa
tissaya
assa
assa
Acc
ta m
tam
ta m
tad
Ins.
tena
taya
tena
Abl.
tasma
tamha
asma
amha
taya
tasma
tamha
asma
amha
Loc.
tasmiw
tamhi
asmi m
tayam
tassa m
tissa m
tassa m
Plural.
tasmiitt
tamhi
asmi m
Nom#
te
ta
tayo
tani
Gen.
tesa m
tasa m
tesa m
and
Dat.
tesanam
tasanam
tesana#*
Digitized by Google
.62
PALI GRAMMAR.
Acc.
te
ta
tayo
tani ,
Ins.
and
Abl.
tehi
tebhi
tahi
tabhi
tehi
tebhi
Loc.
tesu
tasu
tesu
N. 3 . — The word eso, with the same meaniug, is declined exactly like so
Both so and eso may take a form in which n replaces t wherever it occurs.
192.
Declension of the Demonstrative Pronoun aya m : —
Masculine.
Feminine.
Neuter.
Singular.
Voc.
aya m
aya m
imaw
ida m
Gen.
and
Dat.
imassa
assa
imassa
imassaya
imaya
assa
assaya
imassa
assa
Acc.
imam
ima m
imaw
ida m
Ins.
imina
anena
imaya
imina
anena
Abl.
imasma
imamha
asma
imaya
imasma
imamha
asma
Loc.
imasmizw
imamhi
asmi m
imasam
imaya m
imissaw
assa m
imasmi/w
imamhi
asmi m
Digitized by LjOoq le
PRONOUNS.
*3
Plural.
Nom.
ime
ima
imani
imayo
Gen.
imesa m
imasa/ra
imesaw
and
imesanaw
imasana/w
imesana/?/
Dat.
esa m
esa m
esanara
esana m
Acc.
ime
ima
imani
imayo
Ins.
imehi
imahi
imehi
and
imebhi
imabhi
imebhi
Abl.
ehi
ehi
’ebhi
ebhi
Loc.
imesu
imasu
imesu
193. Declension of the Demonstrative Pronoun, asu
Masculine. Feminine. Neuter.
Singular.
Nom.
asu
asu
adu m
Gen.
and
Dat.
amussa
amussa
amuya
amussa
Acc.
amuw
amu m
adu m
Ins.
amuna
amuya
amuna
Abl.
amusma
amumha
amuya
amusma
amumha
Loc.
amusmim
amumhi
amuyaw
amussa;^
amusmira
amumhi
Digitized by Google
64
PALI GRAMMAR,
Plural.
Nom.
amu
amu
amu
amuyo
amuyo
amuni
Gen.
and
Dat.
amusa #*
amusana #*
amusa m
amusana#*
amusa#*
amusana#*
Acc.
amu
amu
amu
amuyo
amuyo
amuni
Ins.
and
Abi.
amuhi
amubhi
amuhi
amubhi
amuhi
amubhi
Loc.
amusu
amusu
amusu
N. B . — From the Nominative, asu ; and from the stem, amu, of this pro-
noun are formed new stems by adding a suffix, — ka. These new stems are
regularly declined with the Special Endings of the First Declension.
194.
Declension of the Relative Pronoun, yo : —
Masculine .
Feminine .
Neuter .
Singular.
Nom.
yo
ya
yam
yad
Gen.
and
Dat.
yassa
yassa
yaya
yassa
Acc.
yam
yam
yam
yad
Ins.
yena
yaya
yena
Abl.
yasma
yamha
yaya
yasma
yamha
Loc.
yasmi#*
yamhi
yassa#*
yaya#*
yasmi#*
yamhi
Digitized by Google
MONOUNS.
Plural.
Nom.
ye
ya
yani
yayo
Gen.
and
Dat.
yesai*
yasato
yesam
Acc.
ye
ya
yani
Ins.
yehi
yahi
yehi
and
Abl.
yebhi
yabhi
yebhi
Loc.
yesu
yasu
yesu
I9S-
Declension of the Interrogative Pronoun, ko :
Masculine .
Feminine.
, Neuter,
\
Singular.
Nom.
ko
ka
ki m
Gen.
kassa
kassa
kassa
and
Dat.
kissa
k&ya
kissa
Acc.
ka m
ka m
ki m
Ins.
kena
kaya
kena
Abi.
kasrria
kaya
kasma
kamha
kamha
Loc.
kasmitf*
kassa /w
kasmiw*
kamhi
kaya/w
kamhi
kisrai m
kismiftz
kimhi
kimhi
P.G. ,9
\
Digitized by LjOoq le
6
PALI GRAMMAR.
Plural.
Nom.
ke
ka
kayo
kani
Gen.
and
Dat.
kesaift
kasa m
kesaw
Acc.
ke
ka
kayo
kani
Ins.
and,
Abl.
kehi
kebhi
kahi
kabhi
kehi
kebhi
Loc.
kesu
kasu
kesu
196.
Declension of
the Indefinite Pronoun, koci : —
Masculine .
Feminine .
Neuter .
Singular.
'
Nom.
koci
kaci
kind
Gen.
and
Dat.
kassaci
kissaci
kassaci
kayaci
kassaci
kissaci
Acc.
kanci
kanci
kind
Ins.
kenaci
kayaci
kenaci
Abl.
kasmaci
kamhaci
kayaci
kasmaci
kamhaci
Loc.
kasminci
kamhici
kisminci
kimhici
kassanci
kayaci
kasminci
kamhici
kisminci
kimhici
Digitized by LjOoq le
PRONOMINALS.
67
Plural.
Nom.
keci
kaci
kayoci
kanici
Gen.
and
Dat
kesanci
kasanci
kesanci
Acc.
keci
kaci
kayoci
kanici
Ins.
and
Abl.
kehici
kebhici
kahici
kabhici
kehici
kebhici
Loc.
kesuci
kasuci
kesuci
N. B , — The Indefinites are formed by adding a suffix, — ci, — api, — cana
to the declined forms of the Interrogative, ko, according to the rules of assimi-
lation and sandhi.
PRONOMINALS.
197. Pronominals are Adjectives that follow the Pronomi-
nal Declension, most of which are also derived from the stems
of Pronouns by the addition of the following suffixes : —
— iya ; — aka, expressing possession.
— disa, — di, — risa, expressing likeness
— ti, expressing the idea “ many.”
— ka ; — tara ; — tama, not changing much the mean-
ing of the pronoun.
Other Adjectives of this class are the following : —
anna; annatara; annatama; adhara; apara or para.
uttara; uttama; ubhaya.
dakkhina.
Digitized by LrOOQle
68
rALI GRAMMAR.
pubba.
vissa
sabba
N. B Pronominals whose stems end* in — a, have the Rronominal* Declen-
sion; (Ste Sabbo below): those in — i, follow the Second Declension ftifc those
in — ti are only Plur. and have only the form in — ti in the Nom, Ate, and
Voc.
198. Declension of the Pronominal, sabbo, stem in — a : —
Masculine ,
Feminine .
Neuter,
Singular.
Nom.
sabbo
sabba
sabb^w
Gen.
and
Dat.
sabbassa
sabbassa
sabbaya
sabbassa,
Acc.
sabbaw
sabbaw
sabbaw
Ins.
sabbena
sabbaya
sabbena
Abl.
sabbasma
sabbamha
sabbaya
sabbasma
sabbamha
Loc.
sabbasmiw
sabbamhi
sabbassaw
sab bay aw
sabbasmiw
sabbamhi
Plural.
Nom.
sabbe
sabba
sabbayo
sabbani
Gen.
and
Dat.
sabbesaw
sabbasaw
sabbesaw
Acc.
sabbe
sabba
sabbayo
sabbani
Digitized by LjOoq le
INFLECTION OF ^5RBS.
49
Ins.
and
Jdbl
sabbehi
sabbebhi
sabbahi
sabbabhi
sahbelhi
sabbebhi
Loc.
sabbesu
sabbasu
sabbestf
II.— INFLECTION OF VERBS.
199. The Inflection of Verbs, called Conjugation, consists
of changes in form to show difference of Voice, of Tense, of
Mbde, of Number, and of Person.
* 200 There are two Voices : —
(1) Active , expressing simple action dr existence.
(2) Reflective , expressing action or condition with
reference to the subject.
. 201. There are six Tenses: —
(1) Present , expressing present time; and its preterite,
(2) Imperfect , expressing past time.
(3) Aoristy expressing past time in a general way. .
(4) Perfect , expressing time completely past.
(5) Future , expressing future time; and its preterite,
(6) Conditional , expressing time that is future rela-
tively to some other time which is usually past.
202. There are three Modes of the Present Tense : —
(1) Indicative , used in simple and direct statements of
fact, of question, of supposition, or of condition
(2) Imperative , used in direct , commands and pro-
hibition.
( 3 ) Optative , — used in less direct statements of suppo-
sition and condition; and in less direct command
and prohibition.
N. 3 . — Each of the. other tenses has but one mode.
203. Closely connected with the modes, are the Participles
which are declinable Adjectives. There is one for the Present ,
one for the Perfect , and one for the Future .
Digitized by LrOOQle
70
PALI GRAMMAR.
204. There are two numbers: —
(1) Singular , agreeing with the subject when it
denotes only one.
(2) Plural , agreeing with the subject when it denotes
more than one.
205. There are three Persons : —
(1) First Person , agreeing with the subject when it
denotes the speaker.
(2) Second Person , agreeing with the subject when it
denotes that spoken to.
(3) Third Person , agreeing with the subject when it
denotes that spoken of.
206. Two indeclinable Verbal Nouns and a declinable
Verbal Adjective, all formed either directly from the root or
from the Present Stem (See 207) and having the same forms
in both voices, are considered as belonging to the Conjugation
of Verbs :
(1) Infinitive , having a regular infinitive force
(2) Gerund , having the force of an absolute participle.
(3) Participle of Necessity , expressing what is to be )
is about to be , or must be.
207. It will be seen from 201, that there are four main
tenses, the Present, the Aorist, the Perfect, and the Future :
the other two are preterite tenses, one accompanying the
Present and the other the Future.
Every primary verb is conjugated on four stems, called
Present Stem ) Aorist Stem , Perfect Stem , Future Stem from
their accordance with these four main tenses. This gives rise
to four Systems in the Conjugation of the verb, as follows : —
(1) Present System , including the Present Indicative
and its preterite, the Imperfect; the Present
Imperative; the Present Oplative; and the Pre-
sent Participle.
(2) Aorist System , including only the Aorist Tense.
(3) Perfect System , including the Perfect Tense and
the Perfect Participle.
N % B . — The regular perfect participle has almost entirely disappeared. Its
place is generally filled by a derivative in — vant or — vin from the Past
Passive Participle. Neither this derivative nor the P. P. P. itself, really be-
longs to the Perfect System .
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INFLECTION OF VERBS. 7 1
(4) Future System , including the Future Tense, the
Conditional, and the Future Participle.
208. The Aorist Stem, the Perfect Stem, and the Future
Stem are each formed in one general way for all verbs and the
four tenses belonging in those three systems are therefore
called General Tenses.
The Present Stem is formed in ten different ways for differ-
ent verbs : in accordance with this special treatment of the
stem, the four tenses belonging in the Present System are
called Special Tenses; and verbs are divided into Seven
Classes, the first of which has four divisions.
209. Verbs of the First Class, form the Present Stem as
follows : —
(1) First Division, having roots ending in — i, — I;
— u, — u strengthen the root- vowel to — ay ;
— av, respectively, and add — a.
(2) Second Division, having roots ending in a conso-
nant, add — a either with or without strength-
ening the root-vowel.
(3) Third Division, use the bare root with or without
strengthening of the root-vowel.
(4) Fourth Division, simply reduplicate the root.
N. B . — The reduplication is according to general rules {See 113 ).* in a
verb from a root compounded with an indeclinable, the reduplication comes
between the indeclinable and the root.
210. Verbs of the Second Class, form the Present Stem by
inserting a nasal before the final Consonant of the root and
then adding — a.
N. B. — The nasal assumes the form of the nasal of the classes to which the
consonant belongs.
21 1. Verbs of the Third Class, form the Present Stem by
adding — ya to the root.
N. B. — The y of the suffix assimilates to a final consonant of the root
according to regular rules, {See 77 (7) ff.)
212. Verbs of the Fourth Class, form the Present Stem by
adding to the root — nu, — na or, if the root end in a vowel,
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72
pXli Grammar.
— unu, — una ; — nu, — ui^u strengthen to — no, — und before
the endings.
213. Verbs 0/ the fifth Class , form the Present Stem by
adding —na to the root, which always ends in a vowel.
214. Verbs of the Sixth Class , form the Present Stem by
adding — u to the root, generally strengthening — u to — o,
before the endings.
215. Verbs of the Seventh Class , form the Present Stem by
strengthening the root and adding — aya or — apaya which
may contract to — e or — ape before endings begining with a-
consonant, or drop the final — a before endings begining with
a vowel.
216. The Aorist Stem , consists of the bare root with or
without Strengthening of the root-vowel.
N. B . — The Aorist Stem is sometimes replaced by the Present Stem.
217. The Perfect Stem ) consists of the reduplicated root
with or without Strengthening of the root-vowel.
N. B. — The reduplication is according to regular rules {See 113 ) ^ in a verb
from a root compounded with an indeclinable, the reduplication comes be-
tween the Indeclinable and the root.
218. The Future Stem , is formed by adding — ssa to the
root. When the root ends in a Consonant, the connecting
vowel , — i, is generally inserted ; but sometimes there is
assimilation.
N. B. — In the formation of the Future Stem , the — ssa is frequently added
to the Present Stem instead of being added to the root.
219. The Imperfect, the Aorist, and the Conditional gene-*
rally prefix as Augment , the letter — a : but frequently it is
omitted, especially in poetry.
N. B. In stems from a root compounded with an Indeclinable the Aug-
ment comes between the Indeclinable and the root.
220. A verb is fully conjugated by adding to its appropri-
ate stems the following Endings : — *
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INFLECTION OF VERBS. 73
ACTIVE VOICE. REFLECTIVE VOICE.
Singular . Plural . Singular. Plural .
Present System.
Present.
1 — mi — ma
1 — e
— mhe
2 — si — tha
2 — se
— vhe
3 — ti — nti
3 — te
— nte, — re
The stem-vowel, — a
— mhe.
, becomes — a,
Imperfect.
before — mi, — ma,
1 — a, — a m .. — mha
1 — i m
— mhase
2 — 0 — ttha
2 — se
— vhaw
3— a . — u
3 — ttha
— tthuw
N. 2 ?.— The stem-vowel drops before an ending beginning with a vowel.
Imperative.
1 — mi — ma
1 — e
— mase
2 — hi — tha
2 — ssu
— vho
3 — tu — ntu
3— taw
— ntaw
The stem-vowel, — a,
becomes — a before — mi, — ma, — hi
— tha, — mase. The Act. Sing. y 2 nd may drop — hi and use
the bare stem.
Optative .
1 — eyyami — eyyama i — eyya m — eyyamhe
2 — eyyasi — eyyatha 2 — etho — eyyavho
3 — eyya — eyyu m 3 — etha — era m
N. B. — The form — e, may replace any one of the forms in the AcU Sing.
P.G. IO
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74
PALI GRAMMAR.
Present Participle .
Mas. — a m
Mas. — mano
— anto
— ano
Fem. — atl
Fem. — mana
— anti
— ana
Neut. — a m
Neut. — manaoz
— ant a m
— ana/ft
The Act. Part follows the Consonantal Declension : it is
like maha (See 172) except in the first form Mas Sing., Nom .
The Refl. Part, follows the First Declension throughout.
AORIST SYSTEM.
Aorist .
1 — i m — imha t — i — imhe
2— i — ittha 2 — ise — ivha#«
3 — i, —I — u m — itnsu 3 — ittha — um, — iozsu
N. B . — The Consonant s, is inserted between these endings and a stem
ending in a vowel.
PERFECT SYSTEM.
Perfect .
1 — a
— imha
1 — i
— imhe
2 — e
— ittha
2 — ittho
— ivho
3 — a
— u
3— ittha
— ire
Perfect
Participle.
*
Mas.
— va
1
— vanto
Like Act.
VI
Fem.
— vati
— vanti
Like Act.
. — vim
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INFLECTION OF VERBS.
75
Neut. — vaw
— vantaw Like Act.
— vi
The first two forms follow the Consonantal Declension,
like gunava, (See 173), The third form follows the Second
Declension.
FUTURE SYSTEM.
Future.
1 — mi — ma 1 — e — mhe
2 — si — tha 2 — se — vhe
3 — ti — nti 3 — te — nte, — re
N. B . — The steta-vowel lengthens as in the Present.
Conditional .
1 — a m — mha 1 — aw — mhase
2 — e — tha 2 — se —vhe
3 — a — wsu 3 — tha — wsu
The stem-vowel may drop before the vowel endings : it
may or may not lengthen before — mha and mhase. The
bare stem may displace the forms for Act. Sing ., 2nd and 3rd.
Future Participle .
Mas. — a m
Mas.
— mano
— anto
— ano
Fem. — ati
Fem.
— mana
— anti
— ana
Neut. — a m
Neut.
— manaw
— antaw
— anam
N% ^.-^The Declension is as in the Present.
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76
PALI GRAMMAR.
VERBALS.
Infinitive.
— turn ; — tave ; — tuye ; — taye
Gerund.
— tva ; — tvana ; tuna ; — ya or — cca (— tya)
Participle of Necessity.
— tabba ; — iya ; ya ; anlya
N. B . — They follow the First Declension.
221. Conjugation of khanati, v/ khan.
ACTIVE VOICE. REFLECTIVE VOICE.
Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural.
Present System, Stem khana.
Present.
1 khanami khanama
2 khanasi khanatha
3 khanati khananti
1 khane khanamhe
2 khanase khanavhe
3 khanate khanante
khanare
Imperfect.
1 akhana
akhana/ft
2 akhano
3 akhana
akhanamha
akhani*# akhanamhase
akhanattha 2 akhanase akhanavhaw
akhanu 3 akhanattha akhanatthum
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INFLECTION OF VERBS.
77
Imperative .
1 khanami khanama i khane khanamase
2 khanahi khanatha 2 khanassu khanavho
3 khanatu khanantu 3 khanata^ khananta/w
Optative .
1 khaneyyami khaneyyama 1 khaneyya/w khaneyyamhe
2 khaneyyasi khaneyyatha 2 khanetho khaneyyavho
3 khaneyya khaneyyum 3 khanetha khaneraw
Present Participle .
Mas. khana/tt Mas. khanamano
khananto khanano
Fem. khanati Fem. khanamana
khananti khanana
Neut. khana m Neut. khanamanaw
khanantaw khanana/w
Aorist System, Stem khan.
Aorist .
akhanimha 1 akhani akhanimhe
akhanittha 2 akhanise akhanivha/w
akhanu/tt 3 akhanittha akhanu/a
akhaniwzsu akhani/wsu
Perfect System, Stem cikhan.
Perfect
1 cikhana cikhanimha 1 cikhani cikhanimhe
2 cikhane cikhanittha 2 cikhanittho cikhanivho
3 cikhana cikhanu 3 cikhanittha cikhanire
1 akhani/K
2 akhani
3 akhani
akhani
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78
PALI GRAMMAR
Perfect Participle .
Mas.
khatava
khatavanto
Like Act. I
khatavi
|
'
Fem.
khatavatl
khatavantl
Like Act.
khatavinl
Neut.
khatava#*
khatavanta#*
Like Act.
khatavi
Future System, Stem khanissa.
Future.
i khanissami
khanissama
i khanissaw
khanissamhe
2 khanissasi
khanissatha
2 khanissase
khanissavhe
3 khanissati
khanissanti
3 khanissate
khanissante
khanissare
Conditional
i akhanissa#/ akhanissamha
i akhanissa#*
akhanissamhase
2 akhanisse
akhanissatha
2 akhanissase
akhanissavhe
3 akhanissa
akhanissawsu
3 akhanissatha akhanissawsu
Future Participle .
Mas.
khanissa/ft
Mas.
khanissamano
khanissanto
khanissano
Fem.
khanissati
Fem.
khanissamana
khanissanti
khanissana
Neut.
khanissa/K
Neut.
khanissamanam
khanissanta/#
khanissana#*
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INFLECTION OF VERBS.
79
VERBALS.
Infinitive. Gerund. Part, of Nec.
khanitu/w khanitva khanitabbo
222. Practically Conjugation is the same for all verbs,
consisting merely of the addition of the Endings to the appro-
priate Stems. In 221, the complete conjugation has been
given of khanati , a verb of the Second Division of the First
Class, where the great bulk of Pali Verbs now belongs. In 223,
will be given a synopsis of a verb from each class and division,
which with the full conjugation of khanati ought to make
plain just how the Endings found in 220, are to be joined to
the various stems formed as described in 209 ff.
223. Synopsis of bhavati, v/ bhQ ; pacati, pac ; neti,
\/ ni ; jahati, \/ ha ; rundhati, \/ rudh ; dibbati, \/ div ;
sunoti, s/ su (sru) ; kinati, v/ kl (kri) ; tanoti, tan ; coreti,
\/ cur : —
ACTIVE VOICE. REFLECTIVE VOICE.
Present System.
Present.
1
0)
bhavati
1
(0
bhavate
( 2 )
pacati
( 2 )
pacate
( 3 )
nayati
( 3 )
nayate
neti
nete
( 4 )
jahati
( 4 )
jahate
2
rundhati
2
rundhate
3
dibbati
3
dibbate
4
sunoti
4
sunote
5
kinati
5
kinate §
6
tanoti
6
tanote
7
carayati
7
corayate
coreti
corete
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O' Cm
8o
PALI GRAMMAR.
Imperfect.
1 (i) abhava
(2) apaca
(3) anaya
(4) ajaha
2 arundha
3 adibba
4 assunuva
akkina
atanuva
7 acoraya
Imperative .
I
(1)
bhavatu
1
(1)
bhavata/w
(2)
pacatu
(2)
pacatazw
(3)
nayatu
(3)
nayataw*
netu
neta/«
(4)
jahatu
(4)
jahata/tt
2
rundhatu
2
rundhata m
3
dibbatu
3
dibbataw
4
sunotu
4
sunota/w
5
kinatu
5
kinataw
6
tanotu
6
tanota m
7
coretu
7
coreta m
Optative.
1
(!)
bhaveyya
1
(1)
bhavetha
.
( 2 )
paceyya
(2)
pacetha
(3)
nayeyya
(3)
nayetha
neyya
netha
1 (1) abhavattha
(2) apacattha
(3) anayattha
anettha
(4) ajahattha
2 arundhattha
3 adibbattha
4 assunutrtha
5 akkinattha
6 atanuttha
7 acorayattha
acorettha
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INFLECTION OF VERBS.
8l
(4)
jaheyya
(4)
jahetha
2
rundheyya
2
rundhetha
3
dibbeyya
3
dibbetha
4
suneyya
4
sunetha
S
kineyya
5
kinetha
6
taneyya
6
tanetha
7
corayeyya
7
corayetha
coreyya
coretha
Present Participle.
i
(0
bhavaw
i
(i)
bhavamano
bhavanto
bhavano
(2)
pacaw
(2)
pacamano
pacanto
pacano
(3)
naya m
(3)
nayamano
nayanto
nayano
nento
nemano
(4)
jahaw
(4)
jahamano
jahanto
jahano
2
rundhaw
2
rundhamano
rundhanto
rundhano
3
dibba m
3
dibbamano
dibbanto
dibbano
4
suna m
4
sunomano
sunanto
sunono
sunonto
5
kina m
5
kinamano
kinanto
kinano
6
tana/ft
6
tanomano
tananto
tanono
tanonto
7
coray aw
7
corayamano
corayanto
corayano
corento
coremano
P.G. II
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82 PALI GRAMMAR.
AORIST SYSTEM.
Aorist.
I
o)
abhavi
i
(i)
abhavittha
(2)
apaci
(2)
apacittha
(3)
anayi
(3)
anayittha
anesi
anesittha
(4)
ahasi
(4)
ahasittha
2
arodhi
2
arodhittha
3
adevi
3
adevittha
4
assosi
4
assosittha
5
akkesi
5
akkesittha
6
atani
6
atanittha
7
(acoresi)
7
(acoresittha)
PERFECT SYSTEM.
Perfect.
i
(i)
babhuva
i
(i)
babhuvittha
(2)
papaca
(2)
papacittha
(3)
ninaya
(3)
ninettha
(4)
jahara
(4)
jaharittha
2
rurodha
2
rurodhittha
3
dideva
3
didevittha
4
sussosa
4
sussosittha
5
cikaya
5
cikayittha
6
tatana
6
tatanittha
7
cucora
7
cucorittha
Perfect Participle .
i
(i)
bhutava
)
(2)
pacitava
Like Act.
(3)
nkava
(
(4)
hlnava
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INFLECTION OF VERBS.
83
2 ruddhava
3 divitava
4 sutava
5 kitava
6 tatava
7 curitava
y Like Act,
FUTURE SYSTEM.
Future.
I
to
bhavissati
1
(0
bhavissate
(2)
pacissati
(2)
pacfesate
(3)
nayissati
(3)
nayissate
nessati
nessate
(4)
(jahissati)
(4)
(jahissate)
2
rodhissati
2
rodhissate
3
devissati
. 3
devissate
4
sossati
4
sossate
5
(kinissati)
5
(kinissate)
6
tanissati
6
tanissate
7
(coressati)
7
(coressate)
Conditional .
1
(1)
abhavissa
1
(0
abhavissatha
(2)
apacissa
(2)
apacissatha
(3)
anayissa
(3)
anayissatha
anessa
anessatha
(4)
(ajahissa)
(4)
(ajahissatha)
2
arodhissa
2
arodhissatha
3
^adevissa
3
adevissatha
4
asossa
4
asossatha
5
(akinissa)
5
(akinissatha)
6
atanissa
6
atanissatha
7
(acoressa)
7
(acoressatha)
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PALI GRAMMAR.
Future Participle .
I
(i) bhavisa/w
1
(0
bhavissamano
bhavissanto
bhavissano
(2) pacissaw
(2)
pacissamano
pacissanto
pacissano
(3) nessa m
(3)
nessamano
nessanto
nessano
(4) (jahissara)
(4)
(jahissamano)
(jahissanto)
(jahissano)
2
rodhissa/rc
2
rodhissamano
rodhissanto
rodhissano
3
devissaw
3
devissamano
devissanto
devissano
4
sossa m
4
sossamano
sossanto
sossano
5
(kinissaw)
♦
5
(kinissamano)
(kinissanto)
(kinissano)
6
tanissa/w
6
tanissamano
tanissanto
tanissano
7
(corressaw)
7
(coressamano)
(coressanto)
(coressano)
VERBALS.
Infinitive.
Gerund.
Part, of Nec.
(i)
bhavituw
bhavitva
bhavitabbo
(2)
pacitu/#
pacitva
pacitabbo
(3)
netu m
netva
netabbo
(4)
jahitu/#
jahitva
hitva
hatajpbo
rodhituw
rodhitva
rodhitabbo
devituw
devitva
, devitabLo
sotu m
sutva
sottabbo
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INFLECTION OF VERBS.
*5
5 (kinituw) (kinitva) (kinitabbo)
6 tanitu m tanitva tanitabbo
7 (coretu/fl) (coretva) (coretabbo)
N. B . — General Tense forms enclosed in parentheses, are made on the
Present Stem.
224. The verbs, atthi and hoti, both belonging to First
Class, Second Division, are exceedingly frequent. As both
show peculiar forms and are defective, they will be conjugated
fully in 225 and 226.
225^ Conjugation of the verb, atthi, \/ as : —
Singular. Plural . Singular . Plural .
PRESENT SYSTEM.
Present .
1
asmi
asma
amhi
amha
2
asi
attha
3
atthi
santi
Imperative.
1
asmi
asma
amhi
amha
2
ahi
attha
3
atthu
santu
Present Participle .
Mas. santo
Mas. samano
Fern, santi
Fern, samana
Neut. santaw
Neut. samana m
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86
PALI GRAMMAR.
AORIST SYSTEM.
Aorist.
I
asi m
asimha
2
asi
asittha
3
asi
asu m
asiwsu
FUTURE SYSTEM.
Conditional .
1
assa/w
assama
2
assa
assatha
3
assa
assu
siya
siyu m
226. Conjugation of the verb, hoti, \/ hu : —
Singular. Plural .
PRESENT SYSTEM.
Present .
homa
hotha
honti
Imperfect .
1 ahuva ahuvamha
ahuva/8
2 ahuvo ahuvatli a
3 ahuva ahuvu
1 homi
2 hosi
3 hoti
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INFLECTION OF VERBS.
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1 homi
2 hohi
3 hotu
1 heyyami
2 heyyasi
3 heyya
Imperative .
homa
hotha
hontu
Optative .
heyyama
heyyatha
heyyu m
Present Participle .
Mas. honto
Fem. honti
Neut. honta m
1 ahosiw
ahu m
2 ahosi
3 ahosi
ahu
1 hemi
hessami
2 hesi
hessasi
3 heti
hessati
AORIST SYSTEM.
Aorist.
ahosimha
ahumha
ahosittha
ahesu/w
ahu m
FUTURE SYSTEM.
Future , First Form .
hema
hessHma
hetha
hessatha
henti
hessanti
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88
PALI GRAMMAR,
Future , Second Form.
1 hehami
hehessami
2 hehasi
hehessasi
3 hehati
hehessati
VERBALS.
Infinitive . Gerund. Part, of Nec.
hotu m hutva hotabbo
DERIVATIVE VERBS.
227. Every Primary Verb is accompanied by four deriva-
tives — Passive , Causative , Desiderative , Intensive — from the
same root. The formation of the Stems of these Derivatives ,
is explained in 109 if. A synopsis of the two most important
of these four derivations is given in 228.
The Stems of these derivatives are not really Secondary
Stems in the Present System , being derived directly from the
roots. In the Aorist System , in the Perfect System , and in
the Future System , however, the stems are Secondary , being
derived, not from the roof but from the Stem of the Present
System.
228. Synopsis of derivatives from \/ khan — Pass. } khan-
nati ; Cans., khaneti.
ACTIVE VOICE. REFLECTIVE VOICE.
Present.
Pass. khannati Pass. khanne
Caus. khaneti Caus. khane
hehama
hehessama
hehatha
hehessatha
hehanti
hehessanti
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INFLECTION OF VERBS.
Imperfect .
p.
akhanfta
P. akhannattha
c.
akhanaya
C. akhanayattha
Imperative .
p.
khannatu
P. khannataw
c.
khanetu
C. khaneta/w
Optative .
p.
khanneyya
P. khannetha
c.
khaneyya
C. khanetha
Present Participle .
khannaw
khannamano
— anto
— ano
A oris t.
p.
akhanni
P. akhannittha
c.
akhanesi
C. akhanesittha
Perfect .
[Not Formed.]
Perfect Participle.
P. khato i
C. khanitava 1 Like ^ Ct ‘
Future .
P. khannissati P. khannissate
C. khanessati C. khanessate
P.G. 12
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90
PALI GRAMMAR.
Conditional .
P. akhannissa P. akhafinissatha
C. akhanessa C. akhanessatha
Future Participle .
P. khannissaw
— ssanto
P. khanissama.no
— ssano
C. khanessa/#
— ssanto
C. khanessama.no
ssano
Infinitive .
P. khannitu/w
C. khanetu/ft
Gerund.
khannitva
khanetva
Part, of Nec.
khannitabbo
khanecabbo
219. The so-called Past Passive Participle has the force
of a perfect participle : but in its formation has no connection
with either the Perfect Stem of the Primary Conjugation or
the special Conjugation Stem of the Passive Conjugation. It
is a primary derivation formed directly from the root by add-
ing the suffix — ta or — na as follows : —
(1) A root ending in a vowel adds the suffix directly
Roots in — a change that vowel to — i or — I :
dha changes to hi.
(2) A root ending in a conjunct consonant or in a
consonant that does not readily double, adds
the suffix, — ta, by means of the Connecting-
vowel — i.
(3) Generally a root ending in a single consonant,
adds the suffix directly to the root with full or
partial assimilation. Thus special forms often
arise as follows : —
Roots in — g, add — ta and become — gga
Roots in — c, add — ta and become — tta.
Roots in — cch, add — ta and become — ttha.
%
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INFLECTION OF VERBS.
91
Roots in — j, add — ta and become — tta.
Roots in — d, add — na and become — nna.
R<^>ts in dh, add — ta and become — ddha.
Roots in — n, drop the — n and add — ta to what is left.
Roots in — p, add — ta and become — tta.
Roots in — bh, add — ta and become — ddha.
Roots in — m, add — ta and become — nta ; or drop — m
before — ta.
Roots in — ar (ri), add — na and become — inna ; or drop
— r and add — ta to what is left.
Roots in — s (sh) add — ta and become — ttha.
Roots in — h, add — ta and become — ddha, or — lha.
N. B . — Some of the above Special forms are regularly found ; some of them,
generally ; others, only rarely ; for most roots ending in a consonant may take
— ta with the connecting vowel ; and frequently the same root makes two or
more forms, one according to (2) and the other or others according to (3).
N. £.— All forms are declined with the Special Endings of the First
Declension.
230. Note . — This P. P. P. is very extensively used with
some form, generally Pres ., Aor. y or Put., of atthi, hoti, or
bhavati, either expressed or understood, as a regular Peri-
phrastic Conjugation.
231. A Denominative Stem may be made from any noun,
primary or secondary, in the language. The formation is
given in 115 It is regularly conjugated by adding the end-
ings and prefixing, as required, the augment and reduplication.
A synopsis will be given in 232.
232. Synopsis of Denominative verb, puttiyati, stem
puttlya : —
Pres. puttiyati Pres. puttlyate
Imperf. aputtiya Imperf. aputtiyattha
Impera. puttiyatu Impera. puttiyata*»
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92
PALI GRAMMAR.
Opt. puttlyeyya
Pres. Part, puttlyam
— yanto
Aor. aputtlyi
Perf. [Not formed
Fut. puttlyissati
Cond. puttiyissa
Fut. Part, puttlyissaw
— ssanto
Infinitive. Gerund . Part, of Nec.
puttlyitum puttlyitva puttlyitabbo
233. Note . ^-Throughout Inflection, both of Nouns and
Verbs, full forms have generally been given for the sake of
completeness. Many a form thus given does not occur at all
and many an other not, at least, in the particular word used
in the paradigm. The question whether a particular regular
form does or does not occur, belongs to a later, more critical
study than that for which this grammar is intended.
INDECLINABLES.
234. The Indeclinables are not distinctly separated into
parts of speech. There is a large body of words and forms
used Adverbially and some of these seem to sometimes have
a distinct Prepositional use. There are a few words which
seem to have a distinct Conjunctive use ; as in all cognate
languages many Adverbs have a Conjunctive force also.
ADVERBS.
235. There are four classes of words and forms used
adverbially : —
Opt. puttiyetha
Pres. Part, puttiyamano
— yano !
Aor. aputtiyittha J
Perf. [Not formed I
Fut. puttiyessate ]
Cond. puttlyissatha ]
Fut. Part, puttlyissamano !
— ssano
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ADVERBS.
93
(1) Case-form Adverbs.
( 2 ) Derivative Adverbs .
(3) Prefixes .
(4) Miscellaneous Adverbs .
236. Case form Adverbs , consist of cases of substantives,
pronouns and absolute words that have become fixed in form
with an adverbial force. The cases thus used are the Accusa-
tive , most generally ; the Instrumentive , quite frequently ; the
Ablative and the Locative , not infrequently ; the Dative ,
more rarely ; and the Genitive, very rarely.
237. Derivative Adverbs , are formed to some extent from
Substantive and Adjective stems and a few, from other Adverbs
and Prepositions, but they are made most largely from Pro-
nominal stems.
The suffixes used are as follows: —
(1) Suffixes of Place , —
— to ( — tas) ; — tra ; — tta ; — ttha ; — dha ; — ha ;
— ha m ; — hi m.
(2) Suffixes of time , —
— da, — di ; — dani, — daniw ; rhi, — rahi.
(3) Suffixes of Manner , —
— tha ; — iti, — ti ; — iva, — va, — viya ; — eva,
— yeva, — heva ; eva m.
(4) Suffixes of Distribution , —
— dha, — dhi ; — khattuw ; — so (s^as).
(5) Suffixes of Indefiniteness , —
— ci ; — apa ; — cana.
238. Adverbial Prefixes , are indeclinables that are prefixed
to roots from which Verbal Stems, and less frequently Noun
Stems are formed. Generally when part of a Substantive
Stem, the prefix assumes the force of an Adjective. The fol-
lowing prefixes are frequent: —
a — or an — = not; ati — = over, beyond , fast , in excess;
adhi — • = above, over, on, on to; anu — = after, un -
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94
PALI GRAMMAR.
der , along , toward; anto — or antara — = within ,
between , among; apa =zaway, forth, off; api =
o«, over; abhi — = to ) unto , toward , against;
ava — or o — = down, off.
a — = /o, toward, unto: reverses the meaning of a few
roots; avi — = manifestly , openly .
u — or ud — = uf, out, forth, away; upa— = below, less,
near, to.
tiro — = across, beyond, over.
du — (dus — ) = bad, difficult, not.
ni — (ni — ) = down; ni — or nir — (nis — ) = outward,
away, not.
pa — (pra — ) = forward, forth, towards; pati — or pati —
(prati — ) = backward, reversed, in return; para —
= away, forth, to a distance; pari— = around,
about; patu — or patur — (pradus — ) = manifestly
openly.
vi — = apart, asunder, away, from, not.
sa m — = along with, together.
su — = well, favorable, easy.
N. B . — Only the most general meanings are given ; many modifications
occur ip combination ; frequently the root meaning is simply intensified.
239, Note . — Frequently two' or more of these Prefixes are
used at the same time in combination with a single root.
240. Miscellaneous Adverbs, consist of a number of Ad-
verbial words not included in the other classes. A few of the
most common and important are : —
na, the simple negative.
ma, the prohibitive negative.
hi, an illative particle.
ki m, an interrogative paticle.
kho, an assertive particle.
nu, a time particle.
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PREPOSITIONS.
95
PREPOSITIONS.
241. There is no body of words in Pali whose especial use
is the government of nouns ; but some Adverbs— especially
many of the Adverbial prefixes — are frequently used with a
distinctly Prepositional force, some of the most important
of these are as follows : —
ati ; adhi ; anu ; anto or antara ; apa ; a ; avi ; upa *
tiro ; pati or pati. (For force See 238.)
adho = under , below ; purato = in front of before ; bahi
or bahi#* = out of without; rite = except , without;
vina = without , except; sad d hi#* = with, together
with; saha = together with , accompanying.
242. Case-forms of nouns, not fixed in adverbial or prepo-
sitional character, frequently determine the case of nouns
with which they are used.
243. Note. — Words with prepositional force, follow the
nouns they govern.
CONJUNCTIONS.
244. Conjunctions as a distinct class of words, are very few.
The very frequent use of Compounds ; of the Absolute Con-
struction; of the particle iti; and especially, of the Gerund ,
almost does away with the need of Conjunctions.
245. Many Adverbs, — especially derivatives from the rela-
tive pronominal stem— have a conjunctive force.
246. Of purely conjunctive force are, —
ca ; and its compounds ce and noce.
va.
Repeated, ca and va are used correlatively.
247. Note. — Conjunctive particles seldom begin the clauses
in which they stand.
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PALI GRAMMAR. .
96
PART II. — SENTENCES.
248. A sentence is a combination of words expressing a
complete thought. It may be: —
(1) A Simple Sentence , expressing a single simple
thought.
(2) A Complex Sentence , expressing one leading
thought with one or more dependent thoughts.
(3) A Compound Sentence , expressing two or more
independent, connected thoughts, with or with-
out dependent thoughts.
249. Jn the expression of every thought, whether indepen-
dent or dependent, two elements are absolutely essential : —
(1) Subject , that concerriing which something is ex-
pressed.
(2) Predicate , that which is expressed concerning the
subject.
When a transitive verb is used in the expression of a
thought, a third element is required, —
(3) Object , that on which terminates the action of the
subject, expressed by the predicate.
250. The Usual Order of Construction in Pali is : —
(1) Subject with its modifiers.
(2) Object with its modifiers.
(3) Predicate preceded by its modifiers.
251. The body of rules which explain how words are join-
ed together in sentences, is called Syntax and may be treated
under the following heads —
A. — Syntax of Nouns.
B. — Syntax of Verbs.
C. — Syntax of Indeclinable s.
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SYNTAX OF NOUNS.
97
; : A > — S Y N TAX OF NOUNS.
251. Note . — Nearly all the relations of Substantives, Adjec-
tives, and Pronouns, embodied in the following rules, may
be expressed or implied in mere Composition , ( See ioj). In-
deed, composition is much more common than the syntactical
forms. J
SUBSTANTIVES.
252. A Substantive in the predicate must agree with the
subject in pase.
N. B . — When there are different forms for gender, it must agree in
gender also.
• « ;
253. An Apositive agrees in case with the noun it qualifies.
N. B . — When there are different forms for gender, it must agree in
gender also.
Nominative Case .
254. The Subject of a Verb must be in the Nominative .
Note.^i Every verb has a pronominal subject implied in
its Ending: except for emphasis, therefore, a
pronominal subject need not be expressed and
a substantive may be omitted, if readily under-
stood from the context
Note . — 2 The verb, vattati, is used impersonally with the
Infinitive and the Instrumentive of Agent
255 -
ings, &c
The Nominative is used Absolutely in titles, head-
Genitive Case .
2^6. A Substantive is frequently qualified by another noun
inTlie ' Genitive This qualifying genitive may be : —
(1) Possessive Genitive , denoting possession of that
which is designated by the substantive it qualifies.
_:j( 2 .)l. Subjective Genitive , denoting the cause or origin of
that which is designated by the noun it qualifies.
p.g. 13
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PALI GRAMMAR.
9 *
(3) Objective Genitive , denoting the object towards
which is directed the action or feeling designated
by the noun it qualifies.
(4) Genitive of Quality , denoting some quality or
characteristic of the noun it qualifies.
(5) Partitive Genitive , denoting the whole, a part of
which is designated by the noun it qualifies.
(6) Genitive of Definition , having the force of an opposi-
tive and defining the noun it qualifies.
N. B . — Any of the above may be predicated of the subiect by means of any
verb meaning “ to be.”
257. The Genitive is used to complete the meaning of
many Adjectives denoting : —
(1) Desire or aversion.
(2) Knowledge , skill, and their opposites.
(3) Remembering and forgetting .
(4) Participation , guilt, fullness , mastery and their
opposites.
(6) Equality and inequality.
258. The Genitive is governed by some verbs expressing: —
( 1 ) Remembering and forgetting .
(2) Mastering and ruling.
(3) Filling and emptying.
(4) Sharing, tasting, seeing, cleanings and many others
when the action expressed affects the object only
in part.
258. A substantive in the Genitive and another in the
Accusative are governed at the same time by a few transitive
verbs : —
(1) Verbs expressing fullness or want, take an Accusa-
tive of the receptacle with a Genitive df the
material.
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SYNTAX OF NOUNS.
99
(2) Verbs expressing accusation , condemnation, acquital,
and the like, take an Accusative of the person and
a Genitive of the crime.
259. A substantive with a participle in agreement may be
used in the Genihve to denote some attendant circumstance.
This is called the Genitive Absolute : it is much less frequent
than the Locative Absolute ( See 2Q4).
N. B . — The Absolute Construction generally denotes time ; but may denote
cause, consequence, or other attendant circumstance.
260. The Genitive is used with Adverbs and Prepositions.
261. The Genitive is — but rarely — used adverbially.
Dative Case
362. The Dative is used of an Indirect Object with intran-
sitive verbs and with transitive verbs having a direct object in
the accusative. This dative may be : —
(1) Dative of Influence, denoting the person to whom
something is, or is done.
(2) Dative of Interest, denoting the person for whom
something is, or is done.
(3) Dative of Purpose or End, denoting the object or end
for which something is, or is done.
263. The Dative is used with atthi, hoti and verbs of kind-
red meaning to express possession.
264. The Dative may be governed by verbs expressing
hearing; request , worship ; praise or blame ; pleasure or
displeasure ; benefit or injury ; obedience or resistance.
265 The Dative is used in expressions of Salutation and
blessing.
266. The Dative may be governed by an Indeclinable.
267. The Dative may be used adverbially.
Accustive Case.
36$. The Direct Object of a transitive verb is put in the
Accusative .
30328
>
o
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PALI GRAMMAR.
269. Verbs of makings choosing , appointing , and tHe* like,
take two Accusatives of the same person or thing.
270 Causative verbs may take two Accusatives— one of
the person or thing caused to act ; and one of the action itself
271 Verbs expressing or implying motion or actiQn /o-
wards a place or thing govern the place or thing ip the
Accusative. . 5
272. Duration of Time and Extent of space are expressed
by the Accusative
273. The Accusative may be used adverbially to denote
time at which and other circumstances. ,
274. The Accusative is frequently used with Prepositions
and Adverbs.
Instrumentive Case .
275. The Agent by whom, or the Instrument with which,
an action is performed, is put in the Instrumentive . ‘ r ; . ;
N.B. — For the Instrumentive of Agent in the impersonal construction,
See 254, Note 2. ’ : '
276. A Substantive, Adjective or verb may take zx\ Instru-
mentive to show in what respect it is applicable. This is the
Instrumentive of Specification and is especially used in specify-
ing bodily defects and ailments.
277. Words denoting sufficieticy or lack take the Instru-
mentive of that which abounds or is lacking. ■-
278 The Instrumentive is used to express cause , reason j
motive .
279. Substantives expressing price or value are put in the
Instrumentive .
280 Time or space within which may be expressed by the
Instrumentive.
281. The Instrumentive may be used to express manner.
282. The Instrumentive is used to express that in accor-
dance with which anything is, or is done.
283. Measure of difference is expressed by the Instru-
mentive
284. The Instrumentive is frequently governed by Prepo-
sitions and Adverbs. • . :
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SYNTAX OF NOUNS.
IOI
285. The Instrumentive is often used adverbially.
: * Ablative Case .
286. Place or time from which ) is denoted by the Ablative.
'287. The Ablative is used to express separation , source ,
material , cause.
288 : In connection with Adjectives in the Comparative ,
that with which the comparison is made, is put in the Ablative .
289 The Ablative is sometimes used instead of the Instru-
mentive to express means or agency .
290. Certain Prepositions and Adverbs require the Ab-
lative .
£91. The Ablative is frequently used adverbially.
Locative Case.
292. Place or time in which is denoted by the Locative .
N. B . — This “ in ” idea includes all that may be expressed in English by
a variety of prepositions of location, such as at , on, near, among, in respect to,
&c., &c.
293. Note . — The very frequent substitution of the Locative
for other cases, as well as its adverbial uses, grows out of this
broad ground covered by this u z>/” idea denoted by it.
294. A Substantive with a participle in agreement, is very
commonly used in the Locative to denote some attendant
circumstance. This is called the Locative Absolute .
N. B . — A noun clause may take the place of the substantive ; and the
participle alone in the Locative is quite frequently used impersonally with an
adverb or an Instrumentive of Agent. For force of Absolute Construction, See
259, N. B.
295. In conection with Adjectives in the Superlative , that
among which the comparison is made is put in the Locative .
, 296. Certain prepositions and adverbs require the Locative .
297. The Locative is frequently used adverbially.
, Vocative Case .
298. The Vocative is used in address.
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102
PALI GRAMMAR.
ADJECTIVES.
299 An Adjective must agree with the noun it modifies
in gender , in number , in case.
300 Frequently Adjectives are used without their nouns,
thus apparently acquiring the force of substantives. Gene-
rally it is best to consider the real substantive as understood.
301 Many Adjectives determine the case of nouns in
certain relations in a sentence.
PRONOUNS.
302. Note . — All the rules that apply to Substantives apply
equally to Pronouns when used substantively ; those applying
to Adjectives , apply when the pronuns are used adjectively.
N. B . — All pronouns* except Personal Pronouns, may be used either Sub-
stantively or Adjectively.
303. A Pronoun when used substantively, must agree
with its antecedent in person , gender , number , and case .
304. The Third Personal Projioun is supplied by a sub-
stantive use of the Demonstrative , so being generally used for
that which is remote and aya/w for that which is adjacent.
305 The Relative yo, is regularly used in correlation
with the Demonstrative so, the clause containing the relative
regularly preceding that containing the demonstrative.
306 The Demonstrative , so, and, less frequently the Rela-
tive, yo, are used pleonastically, for emphasis, with substan-
tives and other pronouns used substantively
307. So, yo, and ko, are used adverbially in the Acc. y Ins.,
and Abl. — ko sometimes in the Gen.
B . — SYNTAX OF VERBS.
308. A Verb must agree with its subject in person and
number .
N. B .— With two or more subjects, the verb may agree with one and be
understood with the rest ; or it may take a plural form in agreement with
all conjointly,
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SYNTAX OF VERBS.
103
Active Voice. •
309 A Verb is used in the Active to represent the subject
as simply acting or existing — stating such simple action as
fact , question , or supposition.
Reflective Voice.
310 A Verb is used in the Reflective to represent the
subject as acting upon self, or as acting or existing with
special reference to self
N. B. — Frequently the Reflective idea is not readily apparent and it is
probable that Reflective forms were used, especially in poetry, for mere con-
venience or for variety of expression.
311. The Reflective is frequently used in a Passive sense,
especially in the General Tenses.
Present Tense.
312. Action or existence actually in progress at present
time is designated by the Present Indicative.
313 General or customary truth is expressed by the Pre-
sent Indicative.
314. When past action or esistence is, for effect , represent-
ed as progressing in present time, it is put in the Present
Indicative .
This so-called Histotical Present is very much more fre-
quent in Pali than in English : indeed in most narrative, it
very largely displaces the past tenses.
315. The Present Indicative is sometimes used with a
future signification.
N. i?.— This future signification is especially common in questions.
316. The Present Imperative is used in commands , exhor-
tations, and entreaties . With ma, it expresses prohibition
317. The Present Optative is used to express, possibility ,
probability , fitness, assent , and permission.
318. The Present Optative may be used to express affirm-
ation modestly or doubtfully .
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104
PALI GRAMMAR.
319. The Present Optative may be used to mildly express
command, entreaty, exhortation, and (with ma) prohibition.
320. The Present Optative may be used to express con-
dition or supposition with implied possibility.
Imperfect Tense
321. The Imperfect refers to a recent definite past time,
not included in the current day.
Aorist Tense
322. The Aorist represents indefinite past time, including
the current day,
N. B. — It may be translated into English, generally, by Past Indefinite ;
sometimes, by the Present Perfect.
323. The Aorist is sometimes used, with ma, in prohibition.
Perfect Tense .
324. The Perfect represents remote and definite past time.
325. Note — Sections 321, 322, and 324 give the theore-
tical force of the three past tenses. Practically, however, these
theoretical distinctions are not often made. The Aorist is
most common and is used in designating all kinds of past time.
The Imperfect occurs frequently but entirely interchangeably
with the Aorist. The Perfect is very rare and when found
has only the force of a general past tense.
Future Tense .
326. Future action or existence is expressed by the Future .
327. The Future is sometimes used as a mild form of
Imperative . - •
328. The Future is often used to express- what musf be,
or be done. . > x.
329. The Future is used in expressing simple direct, sup-
position or condition. :,oi . l
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i
SYNTAX OF VERBS. 10$
Conditional.
330. The Conditional is used to express past . condition
with implied impossibility, or supposition contrary to fact. It
is used in both protasis and apodosis. r
N. B . — The protasis is frequently omitted or understood. . c .
Participles . ; . ..
33*. Participles are verbal adjectives governing the same
cases as the verbs from which they are derived.
33 2. The tenses of the Participles denote present i past ,
and future time only relatively to that of the principal veirb. *
333. The Past Passive Participle , especially in; the Pere-
phrastic conjugation ( See 200), has frequently the force, of a
Present Active Participle.
Infinitive.
334. A verb may take an infinitive to complete its
meaning.
335. The indeclinable sakka is used with an Infinitive
and Instrumentive of Agent in an impersonal construction.
336. Note — The Infinitive is used in the same form with
either Active or Passive signification ; but is comparatively
infrequent.
Gerund.
337. The Gerund is used as adjunct to the logical subject
of the sentence in which it is found and denotes some action
accompanying, or (more generally) preceding, that signified by
the verb in the sentence. Thus used, the Gerund is the most
common connective in Pali.
N. B . — The Gerundial Clause is sometimes an adjunct of a noun in some
other case than Nominative, when the grammatical construction puts the real
agent, or logical subject, into a dependent case.
338. The Gerund frequently has a merely Prepositional
force.
p.g. 14
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PALI GRAMMAR.
Participle of Necessity.
339. The Participle of Necessity , like other declinable
Adjectives, must agree with its noun, in gender , number , and
case.
340. The Participle of Necessity is most frequently used
with some form of atthi , hoti , or other verb of kindred mean-
ing, in a sort of Perephrastic Conjugation.
C— SYNTAX OF INDECLINABLES.
341. Adverbs generally modify whole clauses : but some-
times particular words in a clause.
342. The Adverbial particle, iti, is added to the end of a
quoted speech, or even thought, which is always given in the
form of direct discourse.
N. B , — The initial vowel of iti, generally unites with a preceding vowel,
lengthening it if short.
343. Prepositional words govern cases of nouns.
344. Conjunctions join words and clauses.
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VERSIFICATION.
345. In Pali there are two kinds of Metres
(1) Metres regulated by time.
(2) Metres regulated by the number of syllables.
346. An Instant , the measure of time, is one short syllable:
two short syllables are equivalent to one long.
N. B . — Even in metres not measured by time, the interchange of one long
and two shorts is very frequent,
347. A short syllable, indicated by the breve, is called
called laha or La : two shorts, or La La, are termed La.
348. A long syllable, indicated by the dash, — , is called
garu or Ga : two longs, or Ga Ga, are termed Ga.
349. Note . — A is used to indicate a syllable that may
be either short or long.
350 Note. — For Rules of Quantity , see 85.
351. There are four dissyllabic feet : —
(1) La, ^ ^
(2) Ga, — —
(3) La Ga, — —
(4) Ga La, — ^
352. There are eight trisyllabic feet : —
(1) Na, www
(2) Sa, ^ —
(3) J a i w — w
(4) Ya . w
(5) Bha, — w w
(6) Ra, - - -
(7) Ta, - ~
(8) Ma,
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PALI GRAMMAR.
353. Note. — Feet of four or more syllables occur but are
considered as combinations
354. A stanza, called Gatha, is generallay divided into
quarters, each of which is called a Pada.
I. — METRES REGULATED BY TIME.
355. Of Metres regulated by time, called Jati, there are
three classes : —
<(1) Ariya.
(2) Vetaliya.
(3) Mattasamaka
356. Each half-Gatha in the Ariya Metres, of which there
are several varieties, contains thirty instants , divided into
seven feet, followed by Ga. The admissable feet are Na La,
S,a, Ja, Bha, Ga. The sixth foot in each half-Gatha must be
either Na La, or Ja : any admissible foot may be used as the
second pr fourth foot : any admissible foot except Ja, may be
used for the first, third, fifth, or seventh foot.
The sixth foot sometimes consists of a single La, in which
case, there will be only twenty-seven instants in the half-
Gatha.
357. In every Gatha of the Vetaliya Metres, erf; which
there are a number of varieties, a first or third Pada has four-
teen instants ; a second or fourth, sixteen Every Pada is
divided into three feet, the second of which, is generally Ja ;
occasionally, Bha.
358. In the Mattasamaka Metres, of which there are seve-
ral varieties, the Padas are all alike, each having sixteen in -
stants divided into four feet of four instants each.
II. — METRES REGULATED BY THE
NUMBER OF SYLLABLES.
359. Of Metres regulated by the number of syllables, there
are three classes : —
(1) Sama, having all four Padas in any G&th^ identi-
cal in form.
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VERSIFICATION.
109
(2) Addhasama, having the first and third Padas and
and the second and fourth Padas in any Gatha,
identical in form.
(3) Visama, liaving no two Padas in any Gatha, iden-
tical in form.
360. Of Sama Metres, there are sixty varieties gathered
into seventeen divisions according to the number of syllables
in each Pada, as follows : —
I. — Gayatti Division, having Padas of six syllables. There
is one variety, —
(1) Tanumujjha : w | w
II. — Unhi Division, having Padas of seven syllables. There
is one variety,—
(2) Kumaralalita : w — w | w w — j —
III. — Anutthubba/fl Division, having Padas of eight sylla-
bles. There are five divisions
<3) Cittrapada : — ww| — ww|
(4) Vijjummala : — | |
(5) Manavakaw : — ww| w|w —
(6) Samanika : — ^ — | ^ ^ | — ^
(7) Pamanika : ^ ^ | — ^ — | ^ —
IV. — -Brahati Division, having Padas of nine syllables.
There are two varieties, —
(8) Halamukhi : — ^ | ^ ^ ^ ^ | ^ —
(9) Bhujagasusu 1 wwwwjww — |
V — Panti Division, having Padas of ten syllables,
are seven varieties,—
There
(10) Suddhavirajita/w :
(11) Panavo :
(12) Rummavati : — w w
(13) Matta : —
(14) C^mpakamala : — w w
(15) Manorama : w w w
(16) Ubbhasaka/w : ^
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no
PALI GRAMMAR.
VI. — Tutthubbaw Division, having Padas of eleven syllables
There are eleven varieties, —
(17) Upatthita : w|w — w|w — ^
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
Indavajira :
Upavajira :
Sumukhi :
Dodhakaw :
Salim :
Vatummissa
N. 3.
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
— There are pauses after the fourth and seventh syllables.
Surasasirl :
Rathoddhata :
Svagata :
Bhaddika :
VII. — Jagati Division, having Padas of twelve syllables
There are fourteen varieties, —
(28)
Va/wsattha :
w — w
1 w
I 'W' I
w —
(29)
Indava/wsa :
: w
I w
|w-wj-
W _
(30)
Totaka :
W W _
1 — -
I W w _ | w
W
(31)
Dutavilam-
bita :
WWW
| W w
I w w I
w
(32)
Puta :
WWW
I w w w
1 1 w
—
N.B.-
-There are pauses after the fourth and twelfth syllables.
(33)
Kusumavi-
citta :
w w w 1
I w
J w- W S-*' j w-
(34)
Bhujangap-
payata :
1 — 1-
___
(35)
Piyamvada :
: w w w
I — w w
I w — w | —
^ —
(36)
Lalita :
w
1 — ~
1 w — w 1 —
W
<37)
Pamitak-
khara :
ww-l
w w 1
j
■w” —
(38)
Ujjala :
w w w |
W w w (
W _
(39)
VessadevI
1
1
w | W
—
N. B.-
-There are pauses after the fifth and twelfth syllables.
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VERSIFICATION.
Ill
(40) Tamara-
sa m :
(41) Kamala
VIII. — Atijagati Division, having Padas of thirteen syllables.
There are two varieties.
(42) Paha-
sinl : |www|w — w| — w — | —
N. B.— There are pauses after the third and thirteenth syllables.
(43) Rucira : ~ — —
N. B. — There are pauses after the fourth and thirteenth syllables.
IX. — Sakkari Division, having Padas of fourteen syllables.
There are three varieties, —
(44) Aparajita : — w w | w w | — w — |
N. B. — There are pauses after the seventh and fourteenth syllables.
(45) Paharanakalika : w w w | w w w | — w w |
N. B. — There are pauses after the seventh and fourteenth syllables.
(46) Vasantatilaka : ^ | — ww|w — w|
X. — Atisakkari : Division, having Padas fifteen syllables.
There are four varieties, —
(47) Sasikala : wwwjwww|www|
n—'' | >«✓
(48) Manigunanikaro :
N. B . — There are pauses after the eighth and fifteenth syllables.
(49) Malini : ^ |
N. B . — There are pauses after the eighth syllables.
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112
PALI GRAMMAR.
(50) Pabh add aka/w : — w | — ww|
XI. — Atthi Division, having Padas of sixteen syllables
There is one variety, —
(51) Vanani w w ^ | w — v j — w ^ [
XII. — Atyatthi Division, having Padas of seventeen sylla-
bles. There are three varieties, —
(52) Sikharini : ^ | | w w w |
W 'W' | Srt' w | ^ —
Af. B. — There are pauses after the sixth and seventeenth syllables. '
(53) Harini :
N. B. — There are pauses after the sixth, tenth and seventeenth syllables.
(54) Mandakkanta :
N. B . — There are pauses after the fourth, tenth, and seventeenth syllables.
* XIII. — Dhuti Division, having Padas of eighteen syllables.
There are one variety, —
(55) Kusumitalatavellita : — • — j w | w w w |
XIV. — Atidhuti Division, having Padas of nineteen sylla-
bles. There are two varieties.
(56) Meghavipphujjita : w | |www|
N. B . — There are pauses after the sixth, twelftth, and nineteenth syllables.
( 57 ) Saddulavikiliti : |ww — | ^ — w|
ft. B . — There are pauses after the twelfth and nineteenth syllables. -
XV. — Kati Division, having Padas of twenty syllables.
There is ono variety, —
(58) Vutta :
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VERSIFICATION.
XVI. — Pakati Division, having Padas of twenty-one sylla-
bles. There is one variety, —
(59) Saddhara : | — — | — ^ w |
XVII. — Akati Division, having Padas of twenty-two syalla-
bles. There is one variety, —
(60) Bhaddaka : — w w | ,— w — |www|
360. Of the Addhasamma Metres, there are eleven varie-
ties, as follows : —
rP. I & 3 : w w_ ! w 1 w w — J
(1) Upacitta : <p 2 & 4 : _ ww j_ ww |_ ww |
(2) Ratamaj-
jha :
P- 1 & 3 : —
P. 2 & 4 : ^
P. 1 & 3 :
(3) Vegavati : < p 2 & 4 . _
( P. I & 3 : —
(4) Bhaddavi- \ —
raja m j P. 2 & 4 :
( P. 1 & 3 : w w —
(5) Ketumati :j p 2 “ 4 . ___
(P. i & 3 :
(6) Akhyani- J
ka: P. 2 & 4 : ^ — w
p.G. 15
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ii 4
PALI GRAMMAR
. P.I&3: '
(7) Viparlta-
pubba : ^ P. 2 & 4 :
(
P. . & 3 :
(8)
Harinaplu- )
ta : j
P. 2 & 4 :
(
P. 1 & 3 :
( 9 )
Aparavut- j
w
P. 2 & 4 :
(
P. i & 3 :
(to) Pubbitag-
ga :
P. 2 & 4 :
. P. 1 & 3 :
(11) Yavadika-
matl : ) P. 2 & 4 :
361. The Visama Metres include the Vatta and its varie-
ties. This is the heroic measure of Pali poetry and the most
common of all. In the measure, each Pada contains eight
syllables -of which the first and last may be either short or
long : the remaining six are divided into two feet. Of these
two feet, the first in any Pada may be any trisyllabic foot
except Na or Sa : the second foot in the first or third Pada,
may be any trisyllabic foot : the second foot in the second or
fourth Pada, must be either Ja or Ya. The gatha then may
be indicated thus, —
N. B.—\t must be remembered
however, that in the first foot, the
first two syllables can never both
be short at the same time.
362. Some times the Gatha contains six Padas— the fifth
following the rule for the first and third : the sixth, that for
the second and fourth.
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VERSIFICATION
11 $
363. The Vatta proper has Ya in the second foot of all the
Padas. This and some of the more common varieties are as
follows : —
(1) Vatta :
p. 1 & 3
W | w w w
p. 2 & 4
— 1 ^ ~
(2) Viparitapa
p. 1 & 3
i-i I ^
thyavatta :
p. 2 & 4
'w' 'w' 'W'
(3) Capalavat-
p. 1 & 3
1 ^
ta :
p. 2 & 4
1
(4) Na-Vipu-
1 p 1 & 3
I
la : 1
1 p. 2 & 4
W | w w w
( 5 ) Vipula of
j P 1 & 3
'W 1 S-/
Setava :
1 p. 2 & 4
(6) Vipula of 1
i P. 1 & 3 :
W | w w w
Pingala: |
! P. 2 & 4 :
W' |
This Metre is also called Pathyavatta.
( 7 )
( 8 )
Bha-Vipu- J P.
la : IP.
Ra-Vipula: j p
1 & 3
2 & 4
1 & 3
2 & 4
(9) Ta-Vipul5:j£ ‘£3
FINIS.
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Pali Grammar by H. H. Tilbe
Anónimo